Google InceptionNet介绍
1 简要概括
Google InceptionNet出现在ILSVRC2014年的比赛中（和VGGNet同年），并以较大优势夺得了第一名的成绩，它的top5错误率为6.67%，VGGNet的错误率为7.3%。InceptionNet的最大特点是控制了计算量和参数量的同时提高了网络的性能，它的层数为22，比VGGNet19还深，但是只有15亿次浮点计算和500万的参数量。InceptionNet精心设计的Inception Module也很大程度上提高了参数的利用率。
2 创新点
网络的参数量很小但是层数很深。参数太多带来两个问题，第一，参数越多，模型越复杂，需要提供模型学习的数据量也越大，但是现在高质量的数据非常昂贵，第二，参数越多，需要的计算资源也越大。InceptionNet中用全局平均池化来替代最后一层的全连接，从而减小参数量，全连接层占据了大量的参数，同时会带来过拟合。
InceptionNet精心设计的Inception Module很好的提升了模型的性能，同时降低了参数量。一般来说卷积网络要提升表达能力，主要依靠增加输出通道的数量，但是带来的副作用是计算量增大和过拟合。因此InceptionNet采用分支网络堆叠在一起产生较大通道的输出。如下图所示，产生4个网络对前一层的输出做计算，然后将不同卷积大小的输出再通道上堆叠在一起。
可以看到每个分支都采用了1*1的卷积网络，因为这是一个优秀的网络，可以跨通道组织信息，提高网络的表达能力，提供更多的非线性变换，性价比很高。同时网络中的卷积和大小也不一样，可以增加网络对不同尺度的适应性。所以，InceptionNet通过分支的方式增大网络的宽度和深度能够很好的提高网络的性能，避免过拟合。
InceptionNet有22层，除了最后一层，其中间节点的分类效果也非常好，因此在这个网络中，还使用到了辅助分类节点，即将中间的某一层的输出用作分类，并按一个较小的权重（0.3）加到最终的分类结果中。
提出并采用了著名的BatchNormalization(BN)。BN是一种非常有用的正则化方法，可以让卷积网络的训练速度加快很多，同时收敛后的分类准确率也可以提高很多。BN就是神经网络在训练的时候对每个Batch数据的内部进行标准化，使输出规范化到N(0,1)的正态分布。BN在某种程度上还起到正则的作用，所以可以减小或者取消Dropout，优化网络结构。同时添加BN后，还需要对超参数做一些调整，增大学速率，加快学习速率的衰减，去除Drought，减轻正则，去除LRN，对样本进行洗牌等等。
InceptionNet 将一个较大的卷积网络拆分成两个小的卷积网络。比如将 7*7 网络拆分成 1*7 和 7*1 的卷积网络，这样可以节约大量参数，加速运算并减轻过拟合，同时增加了一层非线性变换拓展了模型的表达能力。
3 网络结构
InceptionNet的网络结构如下图所示，前面是6层的3*3卷积网络和一层3*3的池化层，后面是3个Inception 模块组，最后面是池化层，logits和softmax等。
其中用到的3个Inception模块组的结构如下图所示。
4 代码实现
#%%
# Copyright 2015 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# ==============================================================================
import tensorflow as tf
slim = tf.contrib.slim
#产生截断的正态分布
trunc_normal = lambda stddev: tf.truncated_normal_initializer(0.0, stddev)
#生成Inception V3的卷积部分
def inception_v3_base(inputs, scope=None):
'''
inputs: 图片的tensor
scope: 函数默认的参数环境
'''
#保存某些关键节点的信息
end_points = {}
#定义一个变量的命名空间，可以使变量有相同的名称
with tf.variable_scope(scope, 'InceptionV3', [inputs]):
#为参数设置默认值
with slim.arg_scope([slim.conv2d, slim.max_pool2d, slim.avg_pool2d],
stride=1, padding='VALID'):
#用小尺寸卷积和1*1的卷积，减小参数，增加非线性
# 299 x 299 x 3
net = slim.conv2d(inputs, 32, [3, 3], stride=2, scope='Conv2d_1a_3x3')
# 149 x 149 x 32
net = slim.conv2d(net, 32, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_2a_3x3')
# 147 x 147 x 32
net = slim.conv2d(net, 64, [3, 3], padding='SAME', scope='Conv2d_2b_3x3')
# 147 x 147 x 64
net = slim.max_pool2d(net, [3, 3], stride=2, scope='MaxPool_3a_3x3')
# 73 x 73 x 64
net = slim.conv2d(net, 80, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_3b_1x1')
# 73 x 73 x 80.
net = slim.conv2d(net, 192, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_4a_3x3')
# 71 x 71 x 192.
net = slim.max_pool2d(net, [3, 3], stride=2, scope='MaxPool_5a_3x3')
# 35 x 35 x 192.
#大小大幅压缩，通道大幅增加，增加抽象性
# Inception blocks
with slim.arg_scope([slim.conv2d, slim.max_pool2d, slim.avg_pool2d],
stride=1, padding='SAME'):
# mixed: 35 x 35 x 256.
with tf.variable_scope('Mixed_5b'):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 64, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 48, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 64, [5, 5], scope='Conv2d_0b_5x5')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 64, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 96, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 96, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0c_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.avg_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='AvgPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(branch_3, 32, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
#将4个通道合并，合并维度为3，即在输出通道上合并
net = tf.concat([branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3], 3)
# mixed_1: 35 x 35 x 288.
with tf.variable_scope('Mixed_5c'):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 64, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 48, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 64, [5, 5], scope='Conv_1_0c_5x5')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 64, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 96, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 96, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0c_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.avg_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='AvgPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(branch_3, 64, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat([branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3], 3)
# mixed_2: 35 x 35 x 288.
with tf.variable_scope('Mixed_5d'):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 64, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 48, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 64, [5, 5], scope='Conv2d_0b_5x5')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 64, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 96, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 96, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0c_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.avg_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='AvgPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(branch_3, 64, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat([branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3], 3)
#网络每经过一个Inception Mode输出尺寸变化不大，但是特征都被重新精炼了一遍
#丰富的卷积和非线性化对网络的提升很大
# mixed_3: 17 x 17 x 768.
with tf.variable_scope('Mixed_6a'):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 384, [3, 3], stride=2,
padding='VALID', scope='Conv2d_1a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 64, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 96, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 96, [3, 3], stride=2,
padding='VALID', scope='Conv2d_1a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.max_pool2d(net, [3, 3], stride=2, padding='VALID',
scope='MaxPool_1a_3x3')
net = tf.concat([branch_0, branch_1, branch_2], 3)
# mixed4: 17 x 17 x 768.
with tf.variable_scope('Mixed_6b'):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 128, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
#串联1*7和7*1卷积网络，相当于7*7的卷积网络，参数减小，减小过拟合
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 128, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x7')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 192, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0c_7x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 128, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 128, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_7x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 128, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0c_1x7')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 128, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0d_7x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 192, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0e_1x7')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.avg_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='AvgPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(branch_3, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat([branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3], 3)
# mixed_5: 17 x 17 x 768.
with tf.variable_scope('Mixed_6c'):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 160, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 160, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x7')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 192, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0c_7x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 160, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 160, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_7x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 160, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0c_1x7')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 160, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0d_7x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 192, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0e_1x7')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.avg_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='AvgPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(branch_3, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat([branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3], 3)
# mixed_6: 17 x 17 x 768.
with tf.variable_scope('Mixed_6d'):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 160, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 160, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x7')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 192, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0c_7x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 160, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 160, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_7x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 160, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0c_1x7')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 160, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0d_7x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 192, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0e_1x7')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.avg_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='AvgPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(branch_3, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat([branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3], 3)
# mixed_7: 17 x 17 x 768.
with tf.variable_scope('Mixed_6e'):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 192, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x7')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 192, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0c_7x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 192, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_7x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 192, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0c_1x7')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 192, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0d_7x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(branch_2, 192, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0e_1x7')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.avg_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='AvgPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(branch_3, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat([branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3], 3)
#存储Mixed_6e辅助模型的分类
end_points['Mixed_6e'] = net
# mixed_8: 8 x 8 x 1280.
with tf.variable_scope('Mixed_7a'):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(branch_0, 320, [3, 3], stride=2,
padding='VALID', scope='Conv2d_1a_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 192, [1, 7], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x7')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 192, [7, 1], scope='Conv2d_0c_7x1')
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(branch_1, 192, [3, 3], stride=2,
padding='VALID', scope='Conv2d_1a_3x3')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.max_pool2d(net, [3, 3], stride=2, padding='VALID',
scope='MaxPool_1a_3x3')
net = tf.concat([branch_0, branch_1, branch_2], 3)
# mixed_9: 8 x 8 x 2048.
with tf.variable_scope('Mixed_7b'):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 320, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 384, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
#合并1*3和3*1的2个分支
branch_1 = tf.concat([
slim.conv2d(branch_1, 384, [1, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x3'),
slim.conv2d(branch_1, 384, [3, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x1')], 3)
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 448, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(
branch_2, 384, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
branch_2 = tf.concat([
slim.conv2d(branch_2, 384, [1, 3], scope='Conv2d_0c_1x3'),
slim.conv2d(branch_2, 384, [3, 1], scope='Conv2d_0d_3x1')], 3)
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.avg_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='AvgPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(
branch_3, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat([branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3], 3)
# mixed_10: 8 x 8 x 2048.
with tf.variable_scope('Mixed_7c'):
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_0'):
branch_0 = slim.conv2d(net, 320, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_1'):
branch_1 = slim.conv2d(net, 384, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_1 = tf.concat([
slim.conv2d(branch_1, 384, [1, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x3'),
slim.conv2d(branch_1, 384, [3, 1], scope='Conv2d_0c_3x1')], 3)
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_2'):
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(net, 448, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0a_1x1')
branch_2 = slim.conv2d(
branch_2, 384, [3, 3], scope='Conv2d_0b_3x3')
branch_2 = tf.concat([
slim.conv2d(branch_2, 384, [1, 3], scope='Conv2d_0c_1x3'),
slim.conv2d(branch_2, 384, [3, 1], scope='Conv2d_0d_3x1')], 3)
with tf.variable_scope('Branch_3'):
branch_3 = slim.avg_pool2d(net, [3, 3], scope='AvgPool_0a_3x3')
branch_3 = slim.conv2d(
branch_3, 192, [1, 1], scope='Conv2d_0b_1x1')
net = tf.concat([branch_0, branch_1, branch_2, branch_3], 3)
#返回卷积模块的最终输出，和end_point
return net, end_points
def inception_v3(inputs,
num_classes=1000,
is_training=True,
dropout_keep_prob=0.8,
prediction_fn=slim.softmax,
spatial_squeeze=True,
reuse=None,
scope='InceptionV3'):
'''
构建 Inception V3网络
inputs 输入图片的tensor
num_classes 预测类别数
is_traininf 是否训练，对drop_out和BN有影响
dropout_keep_prob drop比例
prediction_fn 分类函数
spatial_squeeze 是否对输出去除1的维度，5*3*1变成 5*3
reuse 网络参数复用信息
scope 变量空间
'''
with tf.variable_scope(scope, 'InceptionV3', [inputs, num_classes],
reuse=reuse) as scope:
with slim.arg_scope([slim.batch_norm, slim.dropout],
is_training=is_training):
#拿到卷积网络的输出
net, end_points = inception_v3_base(inputs, scope=scope)
# Auxiliary Head logits 设置默认参数
with slim.arg_scope([slim.conv2d, slim.max_pool2d, slim.avg_pool2d],
stride=1, padding='SAME'):
aux_logits = end_points['Mixed_6e']
with tf.variable_scope('AuxLogits'):
#17*17*768
aux_logits = slim.avg_pool2d(
aux_logits, [5, 5], stride=3, padding='VALID',
scope='AvgPool_1a_5x5')
#5*5*768
aux_logits = slim.conv2d(aux_logits, 128, [1, 1],
scope='Conv2d_1b_1x1')
# Shape of feature map before the final layer.
#5*5*768
aux_logits = slim.conv2d(
aux_logits, 768, [5,5],
weights_initializer=trunc_normal(0.01),
padding='VALID', scope='Conv2d_2a_5x5')
#1*1*768
aux_logits = slim.conv2d(
aux_logits, num_classes, [1, 1], activation_fn=None,
normalizer_fn=None, weights_initializer=trunc_normal(0.001),
scope='Conv2d_2b_1x1')
#1*1*1000 去除前两个为1的维度
if spatial_squeeze:
aux_logits = tf.squeeze(aux_logits, [1, 2], name='SpatialSqueeze')
#存储辅助分类节点
end_points['AuxLogits'] = aux_logits
# Final pooling and prediction
with tf.variable_scope('Logits'):
net = slim.avg_pool2d(net, [8, 8], padding='VALID',
scope='AvgPool_1a_8x8')
# 1 x 1 x 2048
net = slim.dropout(net, keep_prob=dropout_keep_prob, scope='Dropout_1b')
#存储辅助分类节点
end_points['PreLogits'] = net
# 2048
logits = slim.conv2d(net, num_classes, [1, 1], activation_fn=None,
normalizer_fn=None, scope='Conv2d_1c_1x1')
if spatial_squeeze:
logits = tf.squeeze(logits, [1, 2], name='SpatialSqueeze')
# 1000
end_points['Logits'] = logits
end_points['Predictions'] = prediction_fn(logits, scope='Predictions')
return logits, end_points
def inception_v3_arg_scope(weight_decay=0.00004,
stddev=0.1,
batch_norm_var_collection='moving_vars'):
'''
L2 的权重衰减为0.00004
权重初始化的方差为0.1
'''
batch_norm_params = {# 定义batch normalization（标准化）的参数字典
'decay': 0.9997, # 定义参数衰减系数
'epsilon': 0.001,
'updates_collections': tf.GraphKeys.UPDATE_OPS,
'variables_collections': {
'beta': None,
'gamma': None,
'moving_mean': [batch_norm_var_collection],
'moving_variance': [batch_norm_var_collection],
}
}
# 使用slim.arg_scope后就不需要每次都重复设置参数了，只需要在有修改时设置
with slim.arg_scope([slim.conv2d, slim.fully_connected],
weights_regularizer=slim.l2_regularizer(weight_decay)):
# 嵌套一个slim.arg_scope对卷积层生成函数slim.conv2d的几个参数赋予默认值
with slim.arg_scope(
[slim.conv2d],
weights_initializer=trunc_normal(stddev),
activation_fn=tf.nn.relu,
normalizer_fn=slim.batch_norm,
# 标准化器的参数设置为前面定义的batch_norm_params
normalizer_params=batch_norm_params) as sc:
return sc
from datetime import datetime
import math
import time
def time_tensorflow_run(session, target, info_string):
num_steps_burn_in = 10
total_duration = 0.0
total_duration_squared = 0.0
for i in range(num_batches + num_steps_burn_in):
start_time = time.time()
_ = session.run(target)
duration = time.time() - start_time
if i >= num_steps_burn_in:
if not i % 10:
print ('%s: step %d, duration = %.3f' %
(datetime.now(), i - num_steps_burn_in, duration))
total_duration += duration
total_duration_squared += duration * duration
mn = total_duration / num_batches
vr = total_duration_squared / num_batches - mn * mn
sd = math.sqrt(vr)
print ('%s: %s across %d steps, %.3f +/- %.3f sec / batch' %
(datetime.now(), info_string, num_batches, mn, sd))
batch_size = 32
height, width = 299, 299
inputs = tf.random_uniform((batch_size, height, width, 3))
with slim.arg_scope(inception_v3_arg_scope()):
logits, end_points = inception_v3(inputs, is_training=False)
init = tf.global_variables_initializer()
sess = tf.Session()
sess.run(init)
num_batches=100
time_tensorflow_run(sess, logits, "Forward")
5 参考文献
[1]黄文坚,唐源.TensorFlow实战[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2017.
[2] https://arxiv.org/abs/1512.00567
[3]https://github.com/tensorflow/models/blob/master/research/slim/nets/inception_v3_test.py
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