矩阵消元
1 矩阵的消元法
{ x + 2 y + z = 2 ① 3 x + 8 y + z = 12 ② 4 y + z = 2 ③ \begin{cases} x+2y+z=2\quad①\\ 3x+8y+z=12\quad②\\ 4y+z=2\quad③ \end{cases} ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧x+2y+z=2①3x+8y+z=12②4y+z=2③
[ 1 2 1 3 8 1 0 4 1 ] × [ x y z ] = [ 2 12 2 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 3&8&1 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\times \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}= \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 2 \\ 12 \\ 2 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡130284111⎦⎤×⎣⎡xyz⎦⎤=⎣⎡2122⎦⎤
1.1 我们在中学是怎么消元的
② − 3 × ① ②-3\times ① ②−3×①
y − z = 3 y-z=3 y−z=3
1.2 用矩阵消元
1.2.1 怎么用矩阵消元
[ 1 2 1 3 8 1 0 4 1 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 3&8&1 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡130284111⎦⎤
[ 1 2 1 3 8 1 0 4 1 ] ⟶ r o w 2 − 3 × r o w 1 [ 1 2 1 0 2 − 2 0 4 1 ] ⟶ r o w 3 − 2 × r o w 2 [ 1 2 1 0 2 − 2 0 0 5 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} \boxed1&2&1 \\ 3&8&1 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\stackrel{row2-3\times row1}{\longrightarrow} \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 0&\boxed2&-2 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\stackrel{row3-2\times row2}{\longrightarrow} \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 0&2&-2 \\ 0&0&\boxed5 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡130284111⎦⎤⟶row2−3×row1⎣⎡1002241−21⎦⎤⟶row3−2×row2⎣⎡1002201−25⎦⎤
1.2.2 用矩阵消元的过程中可能碰到的问题
1.2.2.1 主元为0
[ 0 2 1 3 8 1 0 4 1 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} \boxed0&2&1 \\ 3&8&1 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡030284111⎦⎤
[ 0 2 1 3 8 1 0 4 1 ] ⟶ r o w 1 ⇔ r o w 2 [ 3 8 1 0 2 1 0 4 1 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} \boxed0&2&1 \\ 3&8&1 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\stackrel{row1 \Leftrightarrow row2}{\longrightarrow} \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} \boxed3&8&1 \\ 0&2&1 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡030284111⎦⎤⟶row1⇔row2⎣⎡300824111⎦⎤
{ 2 y + z = 2 ① 3 x + 8 y + z = 12 ② 4 y + z = 2 ③ ⟶ ① ⇔ ② { 3 x + 8 y + z = 12 ① 2 y + z = 2 ② 4 y + z = 2 ③ \begin{cases} 2y+z=2\quad①\\ 3x+8y+z=12\quad②\\ 4y+z=2\quad③ \end{cases}\stackrel{① \Leftrightarrow ②}{\longrightarrow} \begin{cases} 3x+8y+z=12\quad①\\ 2y+z=2\quad②\\ 4y+z=2\quad③ \end{cases} ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧2y+z=2①3x+8y+z=12②4y+z=2③⟶①⇔②⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧3x+8y+z=12①2y+z=2②4y+z=2③
1.2.2.2 方程无解
{ x + 2 y + z = 2 ① 3 x + 8 y + z = 12 ② 4 y − 4 z = 2 ③ \begin{cases} x+2y+z=2\quad①\\ 3x+8y+z=12\quad②\\ 4y-4z=2\quad③ \end{cases} ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧x+2y+z=2①3x+8y+z=12②4y−4z=2③
[ 1 2 1 3 8 1 0 4 − 4 ] ⟶ r o w 2 − 3 × r o w 1 [ 1 2 1 0 2 − 2 0 4 − 4 ] ⟶ r o w 3 − 2 × r o w 2 [ 1 2 1 0 2 − 2 0 0 0 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} \boxed1&2&1 \\ 3&8&1 \\ 0&4&-4 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\stackrel{row2-3\times row1}{\longrightarrow} \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 0&\boxed2&-2 \\ 0&4&-4 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\stackrel{row3-2\times row2}{\longrightarrow} \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 0&2&-2 \\ 0&0&\boxed0 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡13028411−4⎦⎤⟶row2−3×row1⎣⎡1002241−2−4⎦⎤⟶row3−2×row2⎣⎡1002201−20⎦⎤
2 回代
2.1 回代是啥来着？
{ x + 2 y + z = 2 ① 3 x + 8 y + z = 12 ② 4 y + z = 2 ③ \begin{cases} x+2y+z=2\quad①\\ 3x+8y+z=12\quad②\\ 4y+z=2\quad③ \end{cases} ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧x+2y+z=2①3x+8y+z=12②4y+z=2③
② − 3 × ① ③ − 2 × ② ②-3\times①\\ ③-2\times② ②−3×①③−2×②
{ x + 2 y + z = 2 ① 2 y − 2 z = 6 ④ 5 z = − 10 ⑤ \begin{cases} x+2y+z=2\quad①\\ 2y-2z=6\quad④\\ 5z=-10\quad⑤ \end{cases} ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧x+2y+z=2①2y−2z=6④5z=−10⑤
2.2 矩阵的回代
{ x + 2 y + z = 2 ① 3 x + 8 y + z = 12 ② 4 y + z = 2 ③ \begin{cases} x+2y+z=2\quad①\\ 3x+8y+z=12\quad②\\ 4y+z=2\quad③ \end{cases} ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧x+2y+z=2①3x+8y+z=12②4y+z=2③
[ 1 2 1 3 8 1 0 4 1 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 3&8&1 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡130284111⎦⎤
[ 2 12 2 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 2 \\ 12 \\ 2 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡2122⎦⎤
[ 1 2 1 3 8 1 0 4 1 2 12 2 ] \left [ \begin{array}{c:c} \begin{matrix} 1&2&1\\ 3&8&1\\ 0&4&1 \end{matrix}& \begin{matrix} 2\\ 12\\ 2 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right ] ⎣⎡1302841112122⎦⎤
② − 3 × ① ③ − 2 × ② ②-3\times①\\ ③-2\times② ②−3×①③−2×②
[ 1 2 1 3 8 1 0 4 1 2 12 2 ] ⟶ r o w 2 − 3 × r o w 1 [ 1 2 1 0 2 − 2 0 4 1 2 6 2 ] ⟶ r o w 3 − 2 × r o w 2 [ 1 2 1 0 2 − 2 0 0 5 2 6 − 10 ] \left [ \begin{array}{c:c} \begin{matrix} 1&2&1\\ 3&8&1\\ 0&4&1 \end{matrix}& \begin{matrix} 2\\ 12\\ 2 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right ]\stackrel{row2-3\times row1}{\longrightarrow} \left [ \begin{array}{c:c} \begin{matrix} 1&2&1\\ 0&2&-2\\ 0&4&1 \end{matrix}& \begin{matrix} 2\\ 6\\ 2 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right ]\stackrel{row3-2\times row2}{\longrightarrow} \left [ \begin{array}{c:c} \begin{matrix} 1&2&1\\ 0&2&-2\\ 0&0&5 \end{matrix}& \begin{matrix} 2\\ 6\\ -10 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right ] ⎣⎡1302841112122⎦⎤⟶row2−3×row1⎣⎡1002241−21262⎦⎤⟶row3−2×row2⎣⎡1002201−2526−10⎦⎤
[ 1 2 1 0 2 − 2 0 0 5 2 6 − 10 ] \left [ \begin{array}{c:c} \begin{matrix} 1&2&1\\ 0&2&-2\\ 0&0&5 \end{matrix}& \begin{matrix} 2\\ 6\\ -10 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right ] ⎣⎡1002201−2526−10⎦⎤
{ x + 2 y + z = 2 ① 2 y − 2 z = 6 ④ 5 z = − 10 ⑤ \begin{cases} x+2y+z=2\quad①\\ 2y-2z=6\quad④\\ 5z=-10\quad⑤ \end{cases} ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧x+2y+z=2①2y−2z=6④5z=−10⑤
[ 1 2 1 0 2 − 2 0 0 5 2 6 − 10 ] ⟶ r o w 2 + 2 5 × r o w 3 [ 1 2 1 0 2 0 0 0 5 2 2 − 10 ] ⟶ r o w 1 − 1 5 × r o w 3 [ 1 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 5 4 2 − 10 ] ⟶ r o w 1 − r o w 2 [ 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 5 2 2 − 10 ] \left [ \begin{array}{c:c} \begin{matrix} 1&2&1\\ 0&2&-2\\ 0&0&5 \end{matrix}& \begin{matrix} 2\\ 6\\ -10 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right ]\stackrel{row2+\frac{2}{5}\times row3}{\longrightarrow} \left [ \begin{array}{c:c} \begin{matrix} 1&2&1\\ 0&2&0\\ 0&0&5 \end{matrix}& \begin{matrix} 2\\ 2\\ -10 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right ]\stackrel{row1-\frac{1}{5}\times row3}{\longrightarrow} \left [ \begin{array}{c:c} \begin{matrix} 1&2&0\\ 0&2&0\\ 0&0&5 \end{matrix}& \begin{matrix} 4\\ 2\\ -10 \end{matrix} \end{array} \right ]\stackrel{row1-row2}{\longrightarrow} \left [ \begin{array}{c:c} \begin{matrix} 1&0&0\\ 0&2&0\\ 0&0&5 \end{matrix}& \begin{matrix} 2\\ 2\\ -10 \end{matrix} \end{array}\right] ⎣⎡1002201−2526−10⎦⎤⟶row2+52×row3⎣⎡10022010522−10⎦⎤⟶row1−51×row3⎣⎡10022000542−10⎦⎤⟶row1−row2⎣⎡10002000522−10⎦⎤
{ x = 2 2 × y = 2 5 × z = − 10 \begin{cases} x=2\\ 2\times y=2\\ 5\times z=-10 \end{cases} ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧x=22×y=25×z=−10
3 消元矩阵
3.1 一点复习
[ 2 5 1 3 ] × [ 1 2 ] = 1 × [ 2 1 ] + 2 × [ 5 3 ] = [ 12 7 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 5 \\ 1 &3 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\times \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}= 1\times \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 2 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}+ 2\times \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 5 \\ 3 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}= \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 12 \\ 7 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} [2153]×[12]=1×[21]+2×[53]=[127]
[ 1 2 ] × [ 2 5 1 3 ] = 1 × [ 2 5 ] + 2 × [ 1 3 ] = [ 4 11 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\times \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 5 \\ 1 &3 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}= 1\times \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 2 &5 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}+ 2\times \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&3 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}= \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 4&11 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} [12]×[2153]=1×[25]+2×[13]=[411]
A × B ≠ B × A A\times B \not = B\times A A×B=B×A
3.2 消元矩阵
[ 1 2 1 3 8 1 0 4 1 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 3&8&1 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡130284111⎦⎤
[ 1 2 1 3 8 1 0 4 1 ] ⟶ r o w 2 − 3 × r o w 1 [ 1 2 1 0 2 − 2 0 4 1 ] ⟶ r o w 3 − 2 × r o w 2 [ 1 2 1 0 2 − 2 0 0 5 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} \boxed1&2&1 \\ 3&8&1 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\stackrel{row2-3\times row1}{\longrightarrow} \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 0&\boxed2&-2 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\stackrel{row3-2\times row2}{\longrightarrow} \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 0&2&-2 \\ 0&0&\boxed5 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡130284111⎦⎤⟶row2−3×row1⎣⎡1002241−21⎦⎤⟶row3−2×row2⎣⎡1002201−25⎦⎤
[ 1 2 1 3 8 1 0 4 1 ] ⟶ r o w 2 − 3 × r o w 1 [ 1 2 1 0 2 − 2 0 4 1 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} \boxed1&2&1 \\ 3&8&1 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\stackrel{row2-3\times row1}{\longrightarrow} \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 0&\boxed2&-2 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡130284111⎦⎤⟶row2−3×row1⎣⎡1002241−21⎦⎤
[ ] × [ 1 2 1 3 8 1 0 4 1 ] = [ 1 2 1 0 2 − 2 0 4 1 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} && \\ && \\ && \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\times \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 3&8&1 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}= \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 0&2&-2 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡⎦⎤×⎣⎡130284111⎦⎤=⎣⎡1002241−21⎦⎤
[ 1 0 0 ] × [ 1 2 1 3 8 1 0 4 1 ] = [ 1 2 1 0 2 − 2 0 4 1 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0 \\ && \\ && \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\times \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 3&8&1 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}= \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 0&2&-2 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡100⎦⎤×⎣⎡130284111⎦⎤=⎣⎡1002241−21⎦⎤
[ 1 0 0 − 3 1 0 ] × [ 1 2 1 3 8 1 0 4 1 ] = [ 1 2 1 0 2 − 2 0 4 1 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0 \\ -3&1&0 \\ && \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\times \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 3&8&1 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}= \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 0&2&-2 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡1−30100⎦⎤×⎣⎡130284111⎦⎤=⎣⎡1002241−21⎦⎤
[ 1 0 0 − 3 1 0 0 0 1 ] × [ 1 2 1 3 8 1 0 4 1 ] = [ 1 2 1 0 2 − 2 0 4 1 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0 \\ -3&1&0 \\ 0&0&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\times \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 3&8&1 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}= \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 0&2&-2 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡1−30010001⎦⎤×⎣⎡130284111⎦⎤=⎣⎡1002241−21⎦⎤
[ 1 0 0 − 3 1 0 0 0 1 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0 \\ -3&1&0 \\ 0&0&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡1−30010001⎦⎤
E 21 E_{21} E21
[ 1 2 1 3 8 1 0 4 1 ] ⟶ r o w 2 − 3 × r o w 1 [ 1 2 1 0 2 − 2 0 4 1 ] ⟶ r o w 3 − 2 × r o w 2 [ 1 2 1 0 2 − 2 0 0 5 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} \boxed1&2&1 \\ 3&8&1 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\stackrel{row2-3\times row1}{\longrightarrow} \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 0&\boxed2&-2 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\stackrel{row3-2\times row2}{\longrightarrow} \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 0&2&-2 \\ 0&0&\boxed5 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡130284111⎦⎤⟶row2−3×row1⎣⎡1002241−21⎦⎤⟶row3−2×row2⎣⎡1002201−25⎦⎤
[ 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 − 2 1 ] × ( [ 1 0 0 − 3 1 0 0 0 1 ] × [ 1 2 1 3 8 1 0 4 1 ] ) = [ 1 2 1 0 2 − 2 0 4 1 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0 \\ 0&1&0 \\ 0&-2&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\times \left( \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0 \\ -3&1&0 \\ 0&0&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\times \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 3&8&1 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} \right)= \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 0&2&-2 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡10001−2001⎦⎤×⎝⎛⎣⎡1−30010001⎦⎤×⎣⎡130284111⎦⎤⎠⎞=⎣⎡1002241−21⎦⎤
a × ( b × c ) = ( a × b ) × c a\times \left( b\times c\right) = \left(a\times b\right) \times c a×(b×c)=(a×b)×c
[ 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 − 2 1 ] × ( [ 1 0 0 − 3 1 0 0 0 1 ] × [ 1 2 1 3 8 1 0 4 1 ] ) = [ 1 2 1 0 2 − 2 0 4 1 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0 \\ 0&1&0 \\ 0&-2&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\times \left( \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0 \\ -3&1&0 \\ 0&0&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\times \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 3&8&1 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} \right)= \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 0&2&-2 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡10001−2001⎦⎤×⎝⎛⎣⎡1−30010001⎦⎤×⎣⎡130284111⎦⎤⎠⎞=⎣⎡1002241−21⎦⎤
( [ 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 − 2 1 ] × [ 1 0 0 − 3 1 0 0 0 1 ] ) × [ 1 2 1 3 8 1 0 4 1 ] = [ 1 2 1 0 2 − 2 0 4 1 ] \left( \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0 \\ 0&1&0 \\ 0&-2&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\times \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0 \\ -3&1&0 \\ 0&0&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} \right)\times \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 3&8&1 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}= \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&2&1 \\ 0&2&-2 \\ 0&4&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎝⎛⎣⎡10001−2001⎦⎤×⎣⎡1−30010001⎦⎤⎠⎞×⎣⎡130284111⎦⎤=⎣⎡1002241−21⎦⎤
( [ 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 − 2 1 ] × [ 1 0 0 − 3 1 0 0 0 1 ] ) \left( \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0 \\ 0&1&0 \\ 0&-2&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\times \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0 \\ -3&1&0 \\ 0&0&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} \right) ⎝⎛⎣⎡10001−2001⎦⎤×⎣⎡1−30010001⎦⎤⎠⎞
[ 1 0 0 0 1 0 6 − 2 1 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0 \\ 0&1&0 \\ 6&-2&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡10601−2001⎦⎤
4 置换矩阵
4.1 行置换矩阵
[ 0 1 1 0 ] × [ a b c d ] = [ c d a b ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 0&1 \\ 1&0 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\times \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} a&b \\ c&d \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}= \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} c&d \\ a&b \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} [0110]×[acbd]=[cadb]
4.2 列置换矩阵
[ a b c d ] × [ 0 1 1 0 ] = [ b a d c ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} a&b \\ c&d \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\times \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 0&1 \\ 1&0 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}= \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} b&a \\ d&c \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} [acbd]×[0110]=[bdac]
5 初涉逆矩阵
5.1 什么是逆矩阵
[ 1 0 0 − 3 1 0 0 0 1 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0 \\ -3&1&0 \\ 0&0&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡1−30010001⎦⎤
[ ] × [ 1 0 0 − 3 1 0 0 0 1 ] = [ 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} && \\ && \\ && \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\times \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0 \\ -3&1&0 \\ 0&0&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}= \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0 \\ 0&1&0 \\ 0&0&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡⎦⎤×⎣⎡1−30010001⎦⎤=⎣⎡100010001⎦⎤
[ 1 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 1 ] × [ 1 0 0 − 3 1 0 0 0 1 ] = [ 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0 \\ 3&1&0 \\ 0&0&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}\times \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0 \\ -3&1&0 \\ 0&0&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered}= \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0 \\ 0&1&0 \\ 0&0&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡130010001⎦⎤×⎣⎡1−30010001⎦⎤=⎣⎡100010001⎦⎤
[ 1 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 1 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0 \\ 3&1&0 \\ 0&0&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡130010001⎦⎤
[ 1 0 0 − 3 1 0 0 0 1 ] \begin{gathered} \begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0 \\ -3&1&0 \\ 0&0&1 \end{bmatrix} \end{gathered} ⎣⎡1−30010001⎦⎤
E − 1 E^{-1} E−1
339
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