为什么改变我们的想法如此困难——但这并非毫无希望

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分类专栏： cognitive science 文章标签：认知科学

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Three factors explain why it’s so hard to change our minds — but it’s not hopeless

三个因素：为什么改变我们的想法如此困难——但这并非毫无希望

It’s natural to resist changing your mind.
抗拒改变主意是很自然的。

by Keith M. Bellizzi and The Conversation

Updated: Feb. 20, 2024

Originally Published: Aug. 22, 2022

“Facts First” is the tagline of a CNN branding campaign that contends that “once facts are established, opinions can be formed.” The problem is that while it sounds logical, this appealing assertion is a fallacy not supported by research.
“事实第一”是美国有线电视新闻网（CNN）品牌宣传活动的标语，该运动认为“一旦确定了事实，就可以形成观点”。问题在于，虽然这听起来很合乎逻辑，但这种吸引人的断言是一个没有得到研究支持的谬论。

Cognitive psychology and neuroscience studies have found that the exact opposite is often true when it comes to politics: People form opinions based on emotions, such as fear, contempt, and anger, rather than relying on facts. New facts often do not change people’s minds.
认知心理学和神经科学研究发现，在政治方面，情况往往恰恰相反：人们根据恐惧、蔑视和愤怒等情绪形成观点，而不是依赖事实。新的事实往往不会改变人们的想法。

I study human development, public health, and behavior change. In my work, I see firsthand how hard it is to change someone’s mind and behaviors when they encounter new information that runs counter to their beliefs.
我研究人类发展、公共卫生和行为改变。在我的工作中，我亲眼目睹了当某人遇到与他们的信念背道而驰的新信息时，改变他们的思想和行为是多么困难。

Your worldview, including beliefs and opinions, starts to form during childhood as you’re socialized within a particular cultural context. It gets reinforced over time by the social groups you keep, the media you consume, and even how your brain functions. It influences how you think of yourself and how you interact with the world.
你的世界观，包括信仰和观点，在童年时期开始形成，因为你在特定的文化背景下被社会化。随着时间的流逝，你所拥有的社会群体、你消费的媒体，甚至你的大脑运作方式，都会加强它。它影响你如何看待自己以及你如何与世界互动。

For many people, a challenge to their worldview feels like an attack on their personal identity and can cause them to harden their position. Here’s some of the research that explains why it’s natural to resist changing your mind — and how you can get better at making these shifts.
对于许多人来说，对他们世界观的挑战感觉就像是对他们个人身份的攻击，并可能导致他们强硬自己的立场。以下是一些研究，解释了为什么抵制改变主意是很自然的，以及你如何才能更好地做出这些改变。

Rejecting what contradicts your beliefs 拒绝与你的信仰相矛盾的事物

In an ideal world, rational people who encounter new evidence that contradicts their beliefs would evaluate the facts and change their views accordingly. But that’s generally not how things go in the real world.
在一个理想的世界里，理性的人当遇到与他们的信念相矛盾的新证据时，会评估事实并相应地改变他们的观点。但通常不是现实世界中的情况。

Partly to blame is a cognitive bias that can kick in when people encounter evidence that runs counter to their beliefs. Instead of reevaluating what they’ve believed up until now, people tend to reject the incompatible evidence. Psychologists call this phenomenon belief perseverance. Everyone can fall prey to this ingrained way of thinking.
部分归咎于认知偏见，当人们遇到与他们的信念背道而驰的证据时，这种偏见就会发挥作用。人们不会重新评估他们迄今为止所相信的东西，而是倾向于拒绝不相容的证据。心理学家把这种现象称为信念、毅力。每个人都可能成为这种根深蒂固的思维方式的牺牲品。

Being presented with facts — whether via the news, social media, or one-on-one conversations — that suggest their current beliefs are wrong causes people to feel threatened. This reaction is particularly strong when the beliefs in question are aligned with your political and personal identities. It can feel like an attack on you if one of your strongly held beliefs is challenged.
无论是通过新闻、社交媒体还是一对一的对话，都向人们展示表明他们目前的信念是错误的事实，这会导致人们感到受到威胁。当所讨论的信仰与你的政治和个人身份相一致时，这种反应尤其强烈。如果你坚定的信念之一受到挑战，那感觉就像是对你的攻击。

Cognitive biases affect our worldview — including how we interpret facts. Shutterstock
认知偏见会影响我们的世界观——包括我们如何解释事实。

Confronting facts that don’t line up with your worldview may trigger a “backfire effect,” which can end up strengthening your original position and beliefs, particularly with politically charged issues. Researchers have identified this phenomenon in a number of studies, including ones about opinions toward climate change mitigation policies and attitudes toward childhood vaccinations.
面对与你的世界观不符的事实可能会引发“适得其反的效应”，这最终会加强你原来的立场和信念，尤其是在政治性强的问题上。研究人员在许多研究中发现了这种现象，包括关于对气候变化减缓政策和对儿童疫苗接种的态度的研究。

Focusing on what confirms your beliefs 专注于确认你的信念的事物

There’s another cognitive bias that can get in the way of changing your mind, called confirmation bias. It’s the natural tendency to seek out information or interpret things in a way that supports your existing beliefs. Interacting with like-minded people and media reinforces confirmation bias. The problem with confirmation bias is that it can lead to errors in judgment because it keeps you from looking at a situation objectively from multiple angles.
还有另一种认知偏见会妨碍你改变主意，称为确认偏见。这是一种自然的倾向，即以支持您现有信念的方式寻找信息或解释事物。与志同道合的人和媒体互动会强化确认偏见。确认偏见的问题在于，它可能导致判断错误，因为它使你无法从多个角度客观地看待情况。

A 2016 Gallup poll provides a great example of this bias. In just one two-week period spanning the 2016 election, both Republicans and Democrats drastically changed their opinions about the state of the economy — in opposite directions.
2016年盖洛普民意调查就是一个很好的例子。在2016年大选的短短两周内，共和党人和民主党人都彻底改变了他们对经济状况的看法——方向相反。

Pre-election polling occurred Nov. 1-7, post-election polling was Nov. 9-13. Chart:The Conversation
选举前的投票时间为11月1日至7日，选举后的投票时间为11月9日至13日。图：对话

Source: Gallup’s U.S. Economic Confidence Index

But nothing was new with the economy. What had changed was that a new political leader from a different party had been elected. The election outcome changed survey respondents’ interpretation of how the economy was doing — a confirmation bias led Republicans to rate it much higher now that their guy would be in charge; Democrats the opposite.
但经济没有什么新鲜事。改变的是，从另一个党派选出了一位新的政治领导人。选举结果改变了受访者对经济状况的解读——确认偏见导致共和党人对他们的评价要高得多，因为他们的人将掌权;民主党人则相反。

Brain’s hard-wiring doesn’t help 思维固化毫无益处

Cognitive biases are predictable patterns in the way people think that can keep you from objectively weighing evidence and changing your mind. Some of the basic ways your brain works can also work against you on this front.
认知偏见是人们思维方式的可预测模式，可以阻止你客观地权衡证据和改变主意。你的大脑工作的一些基本方式也可能在这方面对你不利。

Your brain is hard-wired to protect you — which can lead to reinforcing your opinions and beliefs, even when they’re misguided. Winning a debate or an argument triggers a flood of hormones, including dopamine and adrenaline. In your brain, they contribute to the feeling of pleasure you get during sex, eating, roller-coaster rides — and, yes, winning an argument. That rush makes you feel good, maybe even invulnerable. It’s a feeling many people want to have more often.
你的大脑天生就有保护你的天生力量——这可能会导致强化你的观点和信念，即使它们被误导了。赢得辩论或争论会引发大量激素，包括多巴胺和肾上腺素。在你的大脑中，它们有助于你在性爱、吃饭、坐过山车时获得的愉悦感——是的，还有赢得一场争论。那种冲动让你感觉良好，甚至可能刀枪不入。这是许多人希望更频繁地拥有的感觉。

Moreover, in situations of high stress or distrust, your body releases another hormone, cortisol. It can hijack your advanced thought processes, reason, and logic — what psychologists call the executive functions of your brain. Your brain’s amygdala becomes more active, which controls your innate fight-or-flight reaction when you feel under threat.
此外，在高压力或不信任的情况下，您的身体会释放另一种激素皮质醇。它可以劫持你的高级思维过程、推理和逻辑——心理学家称之为你大脑的执行功能。你大脑的杏仁核变得更加活跃，当你感到受到威胁时，它会控制你与生俱来的战斗或逃跑反应。

In the context of communication, people tend to raise their voices, push back, and stop listening when these chemicals are coursing through their bodies. Once you’re in that mindset, it’s hard to hear another viewpoint. The desire to be right, combined with the brain’s protective mechanisms, makes it that much harder to change opinions and beliefs, even in the presence of new information.
在交流的背景下，当这些化学物质流经他们的身体时，人们往往会提高声音、反击并停止倾听。一旦你有这种心态，就很难听到另一种观点。对正确事物的渴望，加上大脑的保护机制，使得改变观点和信念变得更加困难，即使在有新信息的情况下也是如此。

You can train yourself to keep an open mind 训练自己保持开放的心态

In spite of the cognitive biases and brain biology that make it hard to change minds, there are ways to short-circuit these natural habits.
尽管认知偏见和大脑生物学使得改变思想变得困难，但还是有一些方法可以缩短这些自然习惯。

Work to keep an open mind. Allow yourself to learn new things. Search out perspectives from multiple sides of an issue. Try to form and modify your opinions based on evidence that is accurate, objective, and verified.
努力保持开放的心态。让自己学习新事物。从问题的多个方面寻找观点。尝试根据准确、客观和经过验证的证据形成和修改您的观点。

Don’t let yourself be swayed by outliers. For example, give more weight to the numerous doctors and public health officials who describe the preponderance of the evidence that vaccines are safe and effective than what you give to one fringe doctor on a podcast who suggests the opposite.
不要让自己被异常值所左右。例如，与你在播客中向一位提出相反建议的边缘医生提供疫苗相比，他们更多地重视众多医生和公共卫生官员，他们描述了疫苗安全有效的优势证据。

Be wary of repetition, as repeated statements are often perceived as more truthful than new information, no matter how false the claim may be. Social media manipulators and politicians know this all too well.
要警惕重复，因为无论声明多么虚假，重复的陈述通常被认为比新信息更真实。社交媒体操纵者和政客们非常清楚这一点。

Presenting things in a nonconfrontational way allows people to evaluate new information without feeling attacked. Insulting others and suggesting someone is ignorant or misinformed, no matter how misguided their beliefs may be, will cause the people you are trying to influence to reject your argument. Instead, try asking questions that lead the person to question what they believe. While opinions may not ultimately change, the chance of success is greater.
以非对抗性的方式呈现事物使人们能够评估新信息而不会感到受到攻击。侮辱他人并暗示某人无知或被误导，无论他们的信念多么被误导，都会导致你试图影响的人拒绝你的论点。相反，试着提出一些问题，让这个人质疑他们所相信的。虽然观点最终可能不会改变，但成功的机会更大。

Recognize we all have these tendencies and respectfully listen to other opinions. Take a deep breath and pause when you feel your body ramping up for a fight. Remember, it’s OK to be wrong at times. Life can be a process of growth.
认识到我们都有这些倾向，并尊重地听取其他意见。深吸一口气，当你感觉到你的身体在为战斗做准备时，请停下来。记住，有时犯错是可以的。生活可以是一个成长的过程。

via：

Three factors explain why it’s so hard to change our minds — but it’s not hopeless

https://www.inverse.com/mind-body/cognitive-biases-brain-biology-help-explain-why-facts-dont-change-minds

维特根斯坦：提升思维，为何如此之难

原创艾璞系统思考

【系统思考】是系统地思考、思考系统化。

提升思维能力，被推崇为个人成长最关键最有效的途径。而如何提升思维能力，却没有一个有效的办法。

根本原因是这里存在一个悖论，我们需要依靠思维本身来支撑“提升思维”这个行为。这导致我们可能提升的项目和提升的幅度少之又少。

与这个悖论类似的还有，改革悖论、学习悖论、创新悖论等等。

哥德尔的不完全性定理提供了一个强有力的论据，解释了为什么一个人不能仅依靠自己的思维来完全升级或完善自己的思维。这里我们可以从两个方面来理解这个问题：

1. 思维的局限性

哥德尔的第一不完全性定理告诉我们，在任何足够强大的、一致的数学系统中，都存在一些命题，这些命题既不能被证明为真，也不能被证明为假。这表明了即使是最严谨的思维体系，也存在其固有的局限性。将这个概念类比到人类思维，我们可以认为每个人的思维模式和知识体系都是有边界的，存在一些无法通过内部逻辑完全解决的问题或矛盾。