希腊语 VS 拉丁语：希腊语是基于拉丁语的语言吗？

注：机翻，未校。

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Greek VS Latin: Is Greek A Latin Based Language? (What Are The Differences?)

Greek and Latin are two of the most important languages in the history of ancient Europe and even some parts of Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa (to a somewhat lesser extent).
希腊语和拉丁语是古代欧洲甚至亚洲、中东和北非部分地区（程度稍小）历史上最重要的两种语言。

Most people know that Greek and Latin have influenced most European languages English included - but some get confused about the relationship between the two languages. Did the Greek language develop from Latin? Or did Latin come from Greek?
大多数人都知道希腊语和拉丁语影响了大多数欧洲语言，包括英语 - 但有些人对这两种语言之间的关系感到困惑。希腊语是从拉丁语发展而来的吗？还是拉丁语来自希腊语？

The answer is pretty simple:
答案很简单：

Greek did not come from Latin. Some form of Greek or Proto-Greek has been spoken in the Balkans as far back as 5,000 years. The oldest ancestor of the Latin language, which was an Italic language goes back some 3,000 years. In other words: Greek is older than Latin, so there’s no way that Greek could come from Latin.
希腊语不是来自拉丁语。某种形式的希腊语或原始希腊语早在 5,000 年前就在巴尔干地区被使用。拉丁语是一种意大利语，最古老的祖先可以追溯到大约 3,000 年前。换句话说：希腊语比拉丁语古老，所以希腊语不可能来自拉丁语。

But what about the other way around? Could Latin be a descendant of Greek?
但反过来呢？拉丁语可能是希腊语的后裔吗？

No.

On the contrary, Greek and Latin do in fact belong to two different branches of the Indo-European language family. Latin belongs to the Romance branch (and is the ancestor of modern languages such as French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and Romanian) whereas Greek belongs to the Hellenic branch, where it’s quite alone!
相反，希腊语和拉丁语实际上属于印欧语系的两个不同分支。拉丁语属于罗曼语分支（是法语、西班牙语、意大利语、葡萄牙语和罗马尼亚语等现代语言的祖先），而希腊语属于希腊语分支，在那里它非常孤独！

In other words, Greek and Latin are only related in that they’re both Indo-European. They have a common ancestor called “Proto Indo-European” but the Slavic, Celtic, Germanic, and even some North-Indian languages share the same ancestry. So that doesn’t make them close.
换句话说，希腊语和拉丁语只是因为它们都是印欧语系的。他们有一个共同的祖先，称为“原始印欧语系”，但斯拉夫语、凯尔特语、日耳曼语，甚至一些北印度语系都有相同的祖先。所以这并不能使他们接近。

And if you find this article interesting, you might enjoy “Greek VS Italian” as well!
如果你觉得这篇文章有趣，你可能也会喜欢 “Greek VS Italian”！

I also highly recommend the book Latin: Story of a World Language by Jürgen Leonhardt (goes into great detail about the fascinating history of Latin and how it developed).
我还强烈推荐 Jürgen Leonhardt 的《拉丁语：世界语言的故事》一书（详细介绍了拉丁语的迷人历史及其发展方式）。

Greek VS Latin: How Similar Are The Two Languages? 希腊语 VS 拉丁语：两种语言的相似度如何？

So we’ve established that Greek and Latin are mostly unrelated. Now let’s compare them:
因此，我们已经确定希腊语和拉丁语大多无关。现在让我们比较一下它们：

Even though Greek and Latin belong to two different branches of the Indo-European language family, they have similarities. But not a lot.
尽管希腊语和拉丁语属于印欧语系的两个不同分支，但它们也有相似之处。但不是很多。

In the following, I’ll try and compare the two languages in terms of alphabet, pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary.
在下文中，我将尝试在字母表、发音、语法和词汇方面比较这两种语言。

The Greek And Latin Alphabets And How They’re Pronounced 希腊字母和拉丁字母以及它们的发音

When comparing the two alphabets, it’s important to keep in mind that while the Greek and Latin languages aren’t particularly closely related, the scripts used for writing the languages, on the contrary, are closely related.
在比较这两个字母时，重要的是要记住，虽然希腊语和拉丁语不是特别密切相关，但用于编写这些语言的脚本恰恰相反密切相关。

The Greek alphabet originally came from the Phoenician alphabet, which itself came from Egyptian hieroglyphs. The Latin language borrowed an early form of the Greek alphabet when the Etruscans (the ancestors of the Italians of Tuscany) got it from the Greek settlement of Cumae on the Italian peninsula.
希腊字母最初来自腓尼基字母，而腓尼基字母本身又来自埃及象形文字。当伊特鲁里亚人（托斯卡纳意大利人的祖先）从意大利半岛的希腊定居点 Cumae 获得希腊字母时，拉丁语借用了希腊字母的早期形式。

So while the two scripts don’t look 100% alike, they have the same roots, and they do have a lot of similarities when comparing each letter.
因此，虽然这两个脚本看起来不是 100% 相似，但它们具有相同的根源，并且在比较每个字母时它们确实有很多相似之处。

For a comparison of the Modern Greek alphabet and the Latin alphabet (as it’s used in English today) see the following:
有关现代希腊字母表和拉丁字母表（今天在英语中使用的字母表）的比较，请参阅以下内容：

Modern Greek	Modern Latin
Α	A
Β	B
Γ	C or G
Δ	D
Ε	E
Ϝ Υ	F U W V
Z	I Z
Η	H
ϴ
Ι	J Y
Κ	K
Λ	L
Μ	M
Ν	N
Ξ
Ο	O
Π	P
Ϻ	?
Ϙ	Q
Ρ	R
Σ	S
Τ	T
Φ
Χ
Ψ
Ω

As you see, many, if not most letters are identical or almost identical in the two scripts, despite there being a few letters that the two alphabets don’t share. There are, however, differences in pronunciation that I’ll now try and get into.
如您所见，尽管两个字母不共享一些字母，但两个脚本中的许多（如果不是大多数）字母是相同或几乎相同的。然而，我现在将尝试并探讨发音的差异。

Greek isn’t overwhelmingly difficult to pronounce. In fact, there are only three or four letters that stand out when you compare Greek pronunciation to English.
希腊语并不是很难发音。事实上，当你将希腊语发音与英语进行比较时，只有三四个字母很突出。

These are “Γ”, which is pronounced like a French R, “P”, which is a thrilled R, “X” which is an aspirated C-sound like in “Lichtenstein” and “Y” which is pronounced like the French “U”.
它们是“Γ”，发音像法语 R，“P”，是激动的 R，“X”是送气的 C 音，就像“Lichtenstein”和“Y”，发音像法语“U”。

Latin pronunciation, like Greek, is relatively close to English. It also has the thrilled R and it uses aspirated consonants, especially in Greek loan-words. It doesn’t have the guttural “French” R-sound, however.
拉丁语发音和希腊语一样，与英语相对接近。它也有激动的 R，它使用送气辅音，尤其是在希腊语借词中。然而，它没有喉音 “French” R-sound。

In Latin, unlike Modern Greek, the V is pronounced like an English “W”. This sound used to exist in early forms of Greek, however, and was represented by the letter “Ϝ”.
在拉丁语中，与现代希腊语不同，V 的发音类似于英语的“W”。然而，这个声音曾经存在于希腊语的早期形式中，由字母“Ϝ”表示。

There are quite obviously many other differences and similarities between Greek and Latin pronunciation, but these are some of the main points. Generally, I’d say that Latin is the easier language for an English speaker to pronounce.
希腊语和拉丁语发音之间显然还有许多其他差异和相似之处，但这些是一些要点。一般来说，我会说拉丁语是说英语的人更容易发音的语言。

Greek And Latin Grammar. How Different Are They? 希腊语和拉丁语语法。它们有何不同？

Being two completely different languages that are mostly unrelated, one would assume that they’d be very different grammar wise. And they are, but not as much as expected!
作为两种完全不同的语言，它们大多不相关，人们会认为它们在语法上会非常不同。他们确实如此，但并没有预期的那么多！

Both are highly inflected languages, meaning that words change their forms depending on grammar. This happens in almost all languages, but while in English more words are usually added to make a sentence more precise, in highly inflected languages like Greek and Latin, individual words are modified with prefixes, suffixes, and internal changes.
两者都是高度屈折的语言，这意味着单词会根据语法改变其形式。这几乎发生在所有语言中，但虽然在英语中通常会添加更多单词以使句子更精确，但在希腊语和拉丁语等高度屈折的语言中，单个单词会使用前缀、后缀和内部更改进行修饰。

This comes into effect with, for example, conjugation of verbs, noun declension and cases.
例如，这与动词的变位、名词变格和格有关。

Although the two languages both have more or less complicated grammar features, they’re used differently.
尽管这两种语言都或多或少具有复杂的语法特征，但它们的使用方式不同。

• Greek, for example, has the “aorist” tense, which is a form of past tense that doesn’t exist in Latin. It describes a point in time without being specific about duration.
  例如，希腊语有 “aorist” 时态，这是拉丁语中不存在的一种过去时形式。它描述一个时间点，但没有具体说明持续时间。
• While Latin has singular and plural forms of nouns, Greek also uses a special “dual” form for things that comes in pairs, like two shoes, two eyes, and so on.
  虽然拉丁语有名词的单数和复数形式，但希腊语也对成对出现的事物使用特殊的“双重”形式，例如两只鞋子、两只眼睛等。
• Latin does not have articles (like “the”, “a” or “an”) whereas Greek does.
  拉丁语没有冠词（如“the”、“a”或“an”），而希腊语有。
• While both languages have the nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative case, Latin also has one called the ablative case.
  虽然两种语言都有主格、属格、与格和宾格，但拉丁语也有一种称为消融格。
• Latin, like English, has a passive and active voice. Using the active voice, you’d say that “Paul bought a bicycle” and with the passive voice it would be “a bicycle was bought by Paul”. In Greek, there is a “middle” voice that seems passive but effectively is active. (A little like the English “I got up”).
  拉丁语和英语一样，有被动语态和主动语态。使用主动语态，你会说 “Paul bought a bicycle”，而使用被动语态，它会是 “a bicycle was bought by Paul”。在希腊语中，有一个 “中间 ”语态，它似乎是被动的，但实际上是主动的。（有点像英语中的“I got up”）。

And the list goes on and on. Comparing Greek and Latin grammar is like comparing apples and oranges. They do have a lot in common, being fruits, but they’re far from being the same thing.
这个名单还在继续。比较希腊语和拉丁语语法就像比较苹果和橙子。它们确实有很多共同点，都是水果，但它们远非一回事。

Comparing Greek And Latin Vocabulary 比较希腊语和拉丁语词汇

Finally, let’s look at the vocabulary. The individual words that make up each language don’t have a lot in common other than sharing a distant ancestry.
最后，让我们看看词汇。构成每种语言的各个单词除了拥有遥远的祖先之外，没有太多共同点。

And while some of the most basic words actually seem quite similar, this is mostly due to the Proto Indo-European origins of the words, like the word “father” which was “fæder” in old English, “pater” in Latin, and “patḗr” in Ancient Greek.
虽然一些最基本的词实际上看起来非常相似，但这主要是由于这些词的原始印欧语起源，例如“father”这个词在古英语中是“fæder”，在拉丁语中是“pater”，在古希腊语中是“patḗr”。

More complicated words have a lot less in common between the different languages.
更复杂的单词在不同语言之间的共同点要少得多。

A link that does exist between Latin and Greek vocabulary, however, is Greek loan-words in Latin. The Greek culture was an important source of inspiration for the Romans and Greek words entered the Latin language through this relationship.
然而，拉丁语和希腊语词汇之间确实存在的联系是拉丁语中的希腊外来词。希腊文化是罗马人的重要灵感来源，希腊词通过这种关系进入拉丁语。

Several thousands Latin words are loan-words from Greek.
数千个拉丁语单词是来自希腊语的外来词。

But what about the other way around?
但反过来呢？

While the Romans appear to have been influenced by the Greek language and culture to a high degree, the Greeks, on the other hand, seem to have been slightly less impressed by the Latin language. There doesn’t appear to be nearly as many Latin loan words in Greek as Greek loan-words in Latin.
虽然罗马人似乎在很大程度上受到了希腊语言和文化的影响，但另一方面，希腊人似乎对拉丁语的印象稍逊一筹。希腊语中的拉丁语外来词似乎没有拉丁语中的希腊语外来词那么多。

The reason for this might be that Greek is a much older language than Latin and that the Romans considered it a language of prestige that already had an established reputation.
原因可能是希腊语是一种比拉丁语古老得多的语言，罗马人认为它是一种享有盛誉的语言，已经建立了良好的声誉。

Latin, while being the language of an Empire, didn’t carry the same weight and while it did influence Greek, it was more on an everyday-level than for academic and intellectual terms which was the case for Greek’s influence on Latin.
拉丁语虽然是一个帝国的语言，但并没有具有同样的分量，虽然它确实影响了希腊语，但它更多的是在日常生活层面上，而不是学术和知识术语，希腊语对拉丁语的影响就是这种情况。

Conclusion - Greek VS Latin 结论 - 希腊语 VS 拉丁语

The answer to the question “Is Greek a Latin based language?” is a resounding no.
“希腊语是拉丁语吗”这个问题的答案是响亮的否定。

Greek existed 2000 years before Latin, and by the time the Romans arrived in Greece, the Greeks had an established and refined civilization that didn’t really need any input from the Latin language.
希腊语比拉丁语早 2000 年就存在了，当罗马人到达希腊时，希腊人已经建立了一个成熟而精致的文明，实际上不需要拉丁语的任何输入。

The two languages aren’t even related. Or, they are, but they belong to separate branches in the same language family.
这两种语言甚至没有关系。或者，它们是，但它们属于同一语系中的不同分支。

Still, the two languages do have a few similarities, and the Greek language and culture did influence Latin quite a bit, even though the opposite wasn’t as much the case.
尽管如此，这两种语言确实有一些相似之处，希腊语言和文化确实对拉丁语产生了相当大的影响，尽管情况并非如此。

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via:

• Greek VS Latin: Is Greek A Latin Based Language? (What Are The Differences?) | AutoLingual – Learn A Foreign Language By Yourself

  https://autolingual.com/greek-vs-latin/