An ADC and DAC Least Significant Bit (LSB) | ADC / DAC 中的 LSB

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An ADC and DAC Least Significant Bit (LSB)

ADC 和 DAC 最低有效位 (LSB)

by Adrian S. Nastase

Articles on Internet and books show how to calculate the Least Significant Bit (LSB), but they take into consideration either the voltage reference (Vref) or the full scale (FS) of the ADC or DAC. Many times this leads to confusion, as a few messages I received from my readers show. Therefore, this article shows both ways of defining the LSB, so that people will have a clear understanding how to treat an ADC’s (Analog-to-Digital-Converter) or DAC’s (Digital-to-Analog-Converter) LSB.

互联网上的文章和书籍介绍了如何计算最低有效位 (LSB),但它们考虑了 ADC 或 DAC 的电压基准 (Vref) 或满量程 (FS)。 很多时候这会导致混乱,正如我从读者那里收到的一些信息所显示的那样。 因此,本文展示了定义 LSB 的两种方法,以便人们清楚地了解如何处理 ADC (模数转换器)或 DAC (数模转换器) LSB。

What is an LSB? The LSB is the smallest level that an ADC can convert, or is the smallest increment a DAC outputs. Both converters are used at the boundaries between the analog and digital realms, making it possible for the analog circuits to talk to the digital ones and backwards.

什么是 LSB?LSB 是 ADC 可以转换的最小电平,或者是 DAC 输出的最小增量。 这两个转换器都用于模拟和数字领域之间的边界,使模拟电路可以与数字电路进行反向通信。

To define an LSB, let’s not look, for the moment, at articles or text books. One of the recommendations I make is this: “When in doubt, read the manufacturer’s data sheet.” So, let us look at an ADC data sheet. The manufacturer writes in the data sheet all the information one needs about that particular component. Sure, nothing is perfect in this world, some info we need might not be there, but in the case of the LSB, I still have yet to see an ADC or DAC data sheet without the LSB definition in some form or another.

要定义 LSB,我们暂时不要看文章或教科书。 我提出的建议之一是:“如有疑问,请阅读制造商的数据手册。那么,让我们看看 ADC 数据手册。 制造商在数据表中写下需要的有关该特定组件的所有信息。 当然,这个世界上没有什么是完美的,我们需要的一些信息可能不存在,但就 LSB 而言,我仍然没有看到没有某种形式的 LSB 定义的 ADC 或 DAC 数据表。

The ADC needs a voltage reference to convert an analog signal into a digital word. Depending on the number of bits it has, the ADC divides the voltage reference in small levels called counts. For example, if this is an 8-bit ADC, the counts will look like those in Figure 1. In an 8-bit ADC there are 28 = 256 counts.

ADC 需要一个电压基准来将模拟信号转换为数字字。 根据其位数,ADC 将电压基准分频为称为计数的小电平。 例如,如果这是一个 8 位 ADC,则计数将如图 1 所示。 在 8 位 ADC 中,有 28 = 256 个计数。

an-8-bit-adc-scale

Figure 1* 图 1

One count is 1 LSB, and is defined as follows:

一个计数为 1 LSB,定义如下:

L S B = V r e f 2 N \large {LSB}=\frac{Vref}{\mathop{2}^N} LSB=2NVref (1)

where N is the ADC’s or DAC’s number of bits.

其中 N 是 ADC 或 DAC 的位数。

For ADCs that have a differential voltage reference, the LSB is

对于具有差分电压基准的 ADC,LSB 为

L S B = V r e f ( + ) − V r e f ( − ) 2 N \large {LSB}=\frac{Vref(+)-Vref(-)}{\mathop{2}^N} LSB=2NVref(+)Vref() (2)

where Vref(+) and Vref(-) are the non-inverting and the inverting inputs of the differential voltage reference respectively.

其中 Vref(+) 和 Vref(-) 分别是差分电压基准的同相和反相输入。

The ADC outputs a digital word that shows how many counts are in its input voltage level. As the ADC counts the input level, it never reaches the voltage reference. Its full scale (FS) is calculated with the following formula:

ADC 输出一个数字字,显示其输入电压电平中有多少计数。 当 ADC 对输入电平进行计数时,它永远不会达到基准电压源。 其满量程 (FS) 使用以下公式计算:

F S = V r e f − 1 ⋅ L S B \large FS=Vref-1\cdot LSB FS=Vref1LSB (3)

After replacing the LSB in equation (3), the ADC full-scale results as in equation (4).

替换公式 (3) 中的 LSB 后,ADC 满量程结果如公式(4) 所示。

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