程序员要如何学英语?

一般来说,程序员可算是英语水平比较好的群体,因为在这个行业,英文资料是最全面、最及时,对英文资料的需求也最迫切的。就我观察,刚入门不久的程序员一般都能查阅英文文档,找到需要的信息。但是另一方面,我也发现,经常阅读英文文档的程序员,英语水平许多时候却不像“经常阅读英文”的样子。所以我在这里列几点自己的学习心得,供大家参考。

第一,既要看代码,也要读文档。

读文档只读代码,是很多程序员的习惯,也是导致程序员虽然读了很多英文资料,英文水平却没有相应提高的原因之一。以前曾在《程序员》上看到介绍阅读技术图书方法的文章,提出过“先代码后文字”的方法,也就是“先看代码,看不明白再看文字”。这种阅读法能极大提高阅读效率,但如果技术图书只看代码就足够,还要文字干什么呢?很多时候,代码只是冰山一角,代码背后的思维和逻辑才是真正的重头戏,只有写成文字才能解释,也只有阅读文字才能理解。

举个例子吧,两段代码都是 x = 5; 看起来没差别,但一段的文字说明是“x should be not more than five”,另一段的文字说明是“x should be no more than five”。不查词典,你能弄清楚两种说法的区别吗——前者是“x必须小于等于5”,后者是“x应当只有5”,光看代码估计很难意识到这些。

近年来,有越来越多的技术人员投身译介活动,这本来是一件好事,但如果平时只看代码,英文阅读能力不过关,反而会造成更多的困扰。经常有希望翻译技术文档的程序员来找我讨论翻译问题,希望了解一些句子应该如何表达。一开始我也认为这是中文表达的问题,但后来逐渐发现,其实更多的问题出在英文阅读上,所以我的回答经常是:你觉得作者这里说的是什么意思?引导对方把原文的意思逐步表达出来,其实这时候,真正的译文已经浮出水面了。

最近的例子来自这句话:

But as with any web-based system, atom-based solutions trade latency for scalability, making atom often inappropriate for very low-latency notifications.

这句话之所以难翻译,问题似乎在于,除去句子的主干,之前有一个 But as…, 之后又有一个 making…。然而我最后发现,对这个句子有疑问的程序员其实根本没搞懂 trade…for…的用法(翻译为“基于 atom 的解决方案需要权衡延迟性和扩展性”),如果明白它是“牺牲 xx 换取 xx”之后,整个句子就相当好理解,也非常容易翻译了:与所有基于 web 的系统一样,基于 atom 的解决方案为追求可扩展性,增大了延迟,所以 atom 往往并不合适用对延迟要求极低的提示。

要避免出现这个问题,首先要做的是改变“只看代码不看文字”的习惯,或者至少要做到“阅读文字之后,能明白它的意思与代码是一致的”;另一个有效的办法是通过阅读纯文字的英文资料来学习某些新的知识(比如关于原理的细致讲解),这个方法我推荐给许多朋友,非常有效。

第二,注意读音。

以前总听人说,中国人学了很多年英语,其实是哑巴英语。不知道现在的情况有多少改观,但就我所见,不少程序员虽然阅读了大量英文资料,也会加入英文的讨论组,也敢开口说,但是还会在读音上出现许多问题。这里说的“读音”其实不是字正腔圆的口音,而是一些术语的读音。

计算机科学的术语来源非常广泛。比如设计模式里,有一种模式叫 Facade,许多人往往直接读作’fəkɑ:d,其实这个词来自法文,正确的读音其实是fə’sɑ:d;再比如“伪”代码的 pseudo,正确的读音是’su:dəʊ,但是我很少遇到能把它读对的程序员,许多人干脆不会发这个音。

也许有人说,这些问题不重要,大家“将错就错”,约定俗成就好了,但事情没有这么简单。以前我参加技术聚会,有位嘉宾(技术高手)把框架名 chameleon(变色龙)读成了’tʃəmiljən,而正确的读音是kə’miljən,因为没有文字资料,许多人听了半天才知道他说的是什么,一些不熟悉 chameleon 的听众更是到结束也没明白。中国人聚会尚且如此,如果有机会参加中外技术交流,读错造成的问题就更大了。

解决这个问题有一个非常好的办法,就是学习美国大学的公开课,耶鲁、斯坦福等学校的计算机系都放出了许多高质量的公开课,国内也有非常好的翻译,学习其中的精品课程,不但能夯实基础,还能顺带学会许多每天都要遇到,但不会或者读错的术语。

第三,锻炼英文表达。

如果你背过单词,大概听到过“被动单词”和“主动单词”的说法,前者是指“看到了能认出来”的单词,后者指“表达时能主动应用”的单词。就我的观察,许多程序员掌握的大多数英语,都属于“被动英语”——看到了能认识,但要表达同样的意思,未必说得出来。

初看起来这样似乎没有问题,可是查阅资料时,不会表达就成了大的障碍。相比中文技术资料世界中“无责任/不负责转贴”泛滥的情况,英文技术资料的质量要高得多,Google 搜索资料的准确性也远高于百度;但是,要能够顺利应用英文资料,需要“主动”输入信息,描述问题,这时候“被动英语”就成了大问题。

我自己多次遇到过这样的情况:即便答案近在咫尺(输入正确的关键词,Google 的第一条结果就是答案),但程序员就是一筹莫展——因为他不知道计算机的“嘟嘟”声是 beep,不知道搜“并发”资料应该用 concurrency,也不知道“死机”是 system halt,“黑屏”是 blank screen,“(登录时)不停跳转”是 infinite loop……

要解决这个问题,最好的办法是在阅读资料时多用心,记住这些说法;另一方面,没事的时候多浏览 stackoverflow 之类的网站,不要因为问题与自己无关而忽略,多留心这些问题到底是什么,注意人家是如何表达的。只有经过这样的锻炼,才能在自己遇到问题时迅速找到可能的解决方案,节省时间。

有人说,以汉语为母语的程序员,学习英语已经是迫不得已,不但要会阅读,还要会读、会表达,真是难上加难。这种说法有一定道理,但是在目前并没有更好的解决方案,学会阅读、认准读音、锻炼表达,确实可以给自己带来好处。长远来看,要改变这种情况,需要中文技术圈的所有人员努力贡献高质量的资料(原创和翻译都可以),如果只是“无责任转贴”,既不亲自验证,也不整理格式,中文技术资料的整体质量只会持续恶化,反向逼迫更多的人把英语学好。

iphone5s拆机方法图解-多图 独家:iphone5s拆机方法图解--共37图 Step 1 — iPhone 5s Teardown • [size=1em]An iPhone release means a trip to the future—the iFixit teardown crew has traveled 17 hours forward in time to get the iPhone 5s early. • [size=1em]We want to send out a big thanks to our good friends at MacFixit Australia for letting us use their office in Melbourne for the teardown. They stock Mac and iPhone upgrades/accessories, and also carry ouriFixit toolkits. o [size=1em]To cover all our bases, we confirmed with our best linguists that the 5s upside-down is still the 5s. • [size=1em]Speaking of toolkits, for this teardown, we'll be using iFixit's brand-new Pro Tech Screwdriver Set. Step 2 • [size=1em]As we ready ourselves to delve into the delightful innards of the 5s, let's check out some of its tech specs: o [size=1em]Apple A7 processor with 64-bit architecture o [size=1em]M7 motion co-processor o [size=1em]16, 32, or 64 GB Storage o [size=1em]4-inch retina display with 326 ppi o [size=1em]8 MP iSight camera (with larger 1.5μ pixels) and a 1.2MP FaceTime camera. o [size=1em]Fingerprint identity sensor built into the home button o [size=1em]Available in three different colors: space gray, silver, and gooooooold (or as we call them, Not-at-all-the-Color-of-Space, Second Place Medal, and Bling!). Step 3 • [size=1em]Apple continues the everlasting trend of locking users out with pentalobular screws. Luckily, we came prepared. We whip out our trusty iPhone 5 Liberation Kit, and to our pleasant surprise, it works! • [size=1em]Unfortunately, we are ill-equipped in the color department, as we only have silver and black replacement Phillips screws. o [size=1em]We are currently involved in heavy lobbying to our product designers to create 14k gold replacement screws. They'll be $50 each and strip the first time you try to unscrew them, so they will be perfect for the iPhone. Stay posted. • [size=1em]With our iPhone 5s sufficiently liberated, it reminds us of another polka-dotted iPhone teardown coming in the near future… Step 4 • [size=1em]We're done screwing around; it's time to get this baby open! Just like last year, we enlist the help of a suction cup to free the display assembly from the rear casing. • [size=1em]Unlike last year, we make use of some gentle spudgering, just in case… Step 5 • [size=1em]Our careful spudgering paid off. At the bottom of the phone, a cable connects the Touch ID sensor in the home button to the Lightning port assembly. o [size=1em]This adds a small element of danger to disassembly, as pulling too hard on the suction cup could cause accidental damage to the cable. • [size=1em]We survive this first booby trap and swiftly disconnect the Touch ID cable connector with the help of a spudger. • [size=1em]Alas, our first peek at the internal layout of the 5s. Comparing it to the iPhone 5, we spot very few differences, the main one being the lack of a battery removal pull-tab. Step 6 • [size=1em]With our favorite screwdriver set, we remove a few metal connector covers and embark on the epic battle of battery removal. • [size=1em]The missing battery pull-tab, though seemingly innocuous, indicates a bigger problem for battery repair: glue. • [size=1em]Perhaps the "s" in 5s stands for "stuck," as in "this battery is stuck in with a lot of glue," or "I hope you didn't want to replace your battery—you're going to be stuck with this one." • [size=1em]While we'd love a tool-less battery removal as we've seen in other phones, we settle for thermal battery removal via an iOpener. • [size=1em]Holy adhesive! It appears Apple ditched the minimal adhesive in the iPhone 5 in favor of those two huge white runways of adhesive holding the 5s(tuck) battery in place. Step 7 • [size=1em]The 5s has a claimed 10 hours of talk time on 3G, but there are rumbles that iOS 7 isn't doing you any favors. • [size=1em]The gold unit from Desay Battery Co., Ltd in Huizhou, China sports a 3.8V - 5.92Wh - 1560mAh battery. Comparatively: o [size=1em]iPhone 5: 3.8 V - 1440 mAh - 5.45 Wh. Talk time: Up to 8 hours on 3G. Standby time: Up to 225 hours. o [size=1em]Samsung Galaxy S4: 3.8 V - 2600 mAh - 9.88 Wh. Talk time: up to 7 hours. Standby time: Up to 300 hours. o [size=1em]Motorola Moto X: 3.8 V - 2200 mAh - 8.4 Wh. 24 hours of "mixed usage." • [size=1em]It appears different units sport different battery manufacturers; our "space-gray" spare (right) comes to us from Simplo Technology Inc. Step 8 • [size=1em]With the battery safely removed, we turn to the next step in our disassembly journey: removing the(unchanged) 326 ppi Retina display assembly. • [size=1em]A few flicks of a spudger to disconnect the FaceTime camera, digitizer, and LCD cables, and the display is free. o [size=1em]Looking for some tech specs on the display? Well look no further! In fact, just look backwards…to the iPhone 5. Despite the trend in almost every other smartphone release, the iPhone 5s display is no bigger, better, or badder than the 5. Step 9 • [size=1em]We quickly extract the home button and Touch ID, Apple's new fingerprint scanner. Time to dust for prints! o [size=1em]A CMOS chip, the Touch ID is essentially a bunch of very small capacitors that creates an "image" of the ridges on your finger. • [size=1em]The sensor technology, developed by AuthenTecand bought by Apple a year ago, reportedly stores your fingerprints locally, so giving your iPhone the finger will not make it all the way back to Cupertino. • [size=1em]We worry about how well the sapphire crystal covering the sensor can protect it from degrading over time like most CMOS fingerprint sensors. If not, it could become a ticking time bomb, just like that super-glued battery. Step 10 • [size=1em]We uncover the iSight camera. • [size=1em]The back of the iSight camera is labeled DNL333 41WGRF 4W61W. • [size=1em]According to our good friend Jim Morrison, Vice President of the Technology Analysis Group atChipworks, "the DNL markings are consistent with the markings on the camera modules housing the Sony IMX145 we saw in the iPhone 4s and on the iPhone 5. The marks on the side of the module are different, but our industry insiders tell us this is Sony's again" • [size=1em]As Apple has stated the pixel pitch on this camera is 1.5 μ, this sensor should not be the IMX145, but a newer variant. • [size=1em]The bottom of the camera is labeled AW32 65BD 4511 b763. Step 11 • [size=1em]For those of us counting steps and comparing with last year, we're unsurprisingly right on par. • [size=1em]A great example of Apple's iterative design, the 5s shows some streamlining and optimization in its internal construction. • [size=1em]Gone are those silly antenna interconnect cables, leaving one less thing to break or get accidentally disconnected. o [size=1em]If only they had decided to move that antenna connector from the bottom of the logic board to the top... Step 12 • [size=1em]Looks like we found a Murata 339S0205 Wi-Fi module (based on the Broadcom BCM4334, according to Chipworks). • [size=1em]Again comparing our 16 and 64 GB models: o [size=1em]It seems that the Murata IC is the same between both iPhone 5s'. o [size=1em]The design of both logic boards may be identical, but slight differences in markings (e.g. 94V-0 on the rightmost, nonexistent on the leftmost) may indicate that Apple is manufacturing the 5s logic boards at multiple locations. Step 13 ¶ • [size=1em]Open ses-EMI! Behold, IC treasures identified: o [size=1em]SK Hynix H2JTDG8UD3MBR 128 Gb (16 GB) NAND Flash o [size=1em]Qualcomm PM8018 RF power management IC o [size=1em]TriQuint TQM6M6224 o [size=1em]Apple 338S1216 o [size=1em]Broadcom BCM5976 touchscreen controller o [size=1em]Texas Instruments 37C64G1 o [size=1em]Skyworks 77810 Step 14 • [size=1em]More ICs! o [size=1em]Skyworks 77355 o [size=1em]Avago A790720 o [size=1em]Avago A7900 o [size=1em]Apple 338S120L • [size=1em]A super-awesome thanks to the Chipworks team for helping us decode and discern these delightful devices! Step 15 • [size=1em]Turning our attention to the backside of the logic board: o [size=1em]Apple A7 APL0698 SoC (based on thisMacRumors post, the markings F8164A1PD indicate the RAM is likely 1GB) o [size=1em]Qualcomm MDM9615M LTE Modem o [size=1em]Qualcomm WTR1605LLTE/HSPA+/CDMA2K/TDSCDMA/EDGE/GPS transceiver. • [size=1em]As we search for a much-anticipated M7 coprocessor, we begin to wonder if it actually is a separate IC, or if it is additional functionality built into the A7. o [size=1em]Maybe the "M" stands for "magical," the M7 is invisible, and Apple does use pixie dust to hold the device together. Or perhaps the "M" stands for "marketing"… o [size=1em]Update: the M7 has been found! • [size=1em]Our A7 was fabbed in July. Step 16 • [size=1em]It's time to investigate the new kid on the block, and it's fly like an A7. Along with the fingerprint sensor, the A7 is a major enticement for consumers to pick the 5s over the 5c. • [size=1em]The A7 is advertised as providing twice the performance of the 5 (and 5c)'s A6 processor. o [size=1em]The switch to the A7 marks the first use of a 64-bit processor in a smartphone. Based on AnandTech's review, it seems that the bulk of the A7's performance gains do not come from any advantages inherent to a 64-bit architecture, but rather from the switch from the outdated ARMv7 instruction set to the newly-designed ARMv8. o [size=1em]The modern ARMv8 instruction set was designed for a 64-bit architecture. It does away with the legacy support of the last 20 years, which increases efficiency, improving performance without sacrificing battery life. • [size=1em]We'll have to wait until we get inside the chip to find out who manufactured it. Step 17 • [size=1em]Time for your close-up, selfie cam! • [size=1em]A few screws hold the 1.2MP FaceTime camera in place. • [size=1em]While the updated pixel size in the iSight camera may get a lot of attention, DIY paparazzi is what bling iPhones are all about. Step 18 • [size=1em]The lower peripherals on the 5s look very similar to those in the 5, though the speaker assembly comes out with slightly more ease in this iteration. • [size=1em]With the speaker assembly out, the headphone jack/microphone/Lightning connector assembly comes out easily. o [size=1em]As with previous generations, you will have to replace multiple components at once, since the design is not modular. Step 19 • [size=1em]We find another hardware update: the new dual flash. • [size=1em]White and amber LEDs sit by the camera to balance the flash-induced ghostly tones of night-life photography. Step 20 • [size=1em]iPhone 5s Repairability: 6 out of 10 (10 is easiest to repair) • [size=1em]Just like in the iPhone 5, the display assembly is the first component out of the phone, simplifying screen replacements. • [size=1em]The battery is still fairly easy to access, even though it's not technically "user replaceable." • [size=1em]The battery has lost the 5's convenient pull tab, and gained more resilient adhesive—it now requires heat and prying to remove. • [size=1em]The fingerprint sensor cable could be easily ripped out of its socket if a user is not careful while opening the phone. • [size=1em]The iPhone 5s still uses Pentalobe screws on the exterior, making the 5s difficult to open. • [size=1em]The front glass, digitizer, and LCD are all one component, thereby increasing cost of repair.
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