[ 形容词 ]
Similar reasoning suggested that one could estimate total elapsed geologic time by dividing the average thickness of sediment ( transported annually to the oceans ) into the total thickness of sedimentary rock that had ever been deposited in the past.
elapse n. (时间的)消逝
divide into 除法
thickness of sediment ( transported annually to the oceans )
过去分词 放在名词后面 做后置定语
thickness of sedimentary rock that had ever been deposited in the past.
定语从句
Similar reasoning suggested that one ...
宾语从句
形容词 修饰 名词 ( 主语 | 谓语 )
副词 修饰 形容词 | 动词
定语 ( 形容词 | 分词 | 从句 )
形容词出现的位置 : 名词的左右
1. 前⾯：Similar reasoning
2. 后⾯：thickness of sediment transported annually to the oceans
You are pretty. You are ugly. You are pretty ugly.
常用功能
定语 表语
状语: Unable to reply, he pretended not to hear me.
补⾜语: The Internet has made the global village possible.
感叹语
The public authorities made efforts to take bolder action to ensure the supply of fresh water from this parallel source and a number of projects were suggested during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries to channel river water and even to construct an aqueduct.
the supply of fresh water
a number of projects were suggested during ...
修饰 suggested 时间状语
[ 形容词比较级 ]
From this analysis of marine sediments, geologists have learned that there were many shorter, more regular cycles of glaciation and deglaciation than geologists had recognized from the glacial drift of the continents alone.
shorter, more regular ... than ...
比起 (后) ... 更 (前) ...
geologists had recognized from the glacial drift of the continents alone.
地质学家只从大陆的冰川漂流物中识别到
geologists have learned that there were many shorter, more regular cycles of glaciation and deglaciation
宾语从句
[ 副词 ]
Similar reasoning suggested that one could estimate total elapsed geologic time by dividing the average thickness of sediment transported annually to the oceans into the total thickness of sedimentary rock that had ever been deposited in the past.
副词出现的位置 形容词、动词的左右
1. 修饰动词： by dividing；deposited in the past
2. 修饰形容词：You are pretty. You are ugly. You are pretty ugly.
3. 放句⾸：unfortunately等
功能
⼀般副词 (there等)
疑问副词 (when等)
连接副词 (how, where等)
关系副词 (as, why等)
解释性副词 (namely, for example, i.e., e.g.等)
As a result, Earth’s surface has been continually changed and eroded into delicate systems of river valleys—a remarkable contrast to the surfaces of other planetary bodies where impact craters dominate.
For most of our species’ history, we lived in small, widely dispersed, nomadic groups.
[ 情态动词 ]
情态构成：
情态动词（虚）+ 动词原形（实）
You can’t do it.
You must do it.
You may do it.
You needn’t do it.
The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea that may be the length, the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of chaffinch song shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation.
reared v. 饲养;养育;抚养;培养;用后腿直立 rear的过去分词和过去式
The crude song of a bird reared in isolation
过去分词做后置定语
情态动词的两种用法
1. 基本用法
You must do me this honor, promise me you will survive…that you won’t give up.
帮我做到xxx
2. 推测⽤法【没有实际见到】
Look at that house! Those people must have a lot of money.
must
基本⽤法“必须” 否定“禁⽌”mustn’t 后⾯ + 实际意义的动词
推测⽤法“⼀定” 否定“不可能”can’t 后⾯ + be
You must be joking. You can’t be serious.
If a branch is not producing enough carbohydrate to cover its own running costs—i.e., it needs to be subsidized by other branches because, for example, it is being shaded and receives little light—it will usually be got rid of.
it needs to be subsidized it will usually be got rid of.
subsidized adj. 补贴的，补助的 subsidize的过去分词和过去式
rid v. 摆脱;消除;去掉
Because of this difference, foraging modes may alternate at successive levels in the food chain: insects that move about may be captured by lizards that are sit-and-wait foragers, and those lizards may be eaten by active predator s, whereas insects that are sedentary are more likely to be discovered by lizards that are active foragers, and those lizards may be caught by sit-and-wait predators.
foraging v. (尤指用手)搜寻(东西);觅(食) forage的现在分词
sedentary adj. 坐着的，（惯于）久坐不动的;定居的;（贝壳等）固定附着的，静止的
课堂练习及作业
找形容词
Similar reasoning suggested that one could estimate total elapsed geologic time by dividing the average thickness of sediment / transported annually to the oceans / into the total thickness of sedimentary rock that had ever been deposited in the past.
the average thickness of sediment
the total thickness of sedimentary rock
that had ever been deposited in the past. 定语从句
翻译：
相似的理论支持 总的消失的地质时间可以 通过用每年转移到海洋的沉淀物的平均厚度 除以 在过去已经沉淀了的沉积岩的总厚度 估算出来
找形容词 | 定语
The public authorities made efforts to take bolder action to ensure / the supply of fresh water / from this parallel source and / a number of projects / were suggested during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries to channel river water and even to construct an aqueduct.
翻译：
公共当局努力采取大胆的行动 保证从平行源头提供淡水，以及 在14、15世纪一些项目被建议 用来引导河水甚至建造一个水渠
找比较级 比较从后面翻译 后面不重要
From this analysis of marine sediments, geologists have learned that there were many shorter, more regular cycles of glaciation and deglaciation than geologists had recognized from the glacial drift of the continents alone.
geologists had recognized from the glacial drift of the continents alone.
地质学家从只在大陆冰川漂流物中识别到的
翻译：
从这个海洋沉淀物中的分析，地质学家了解到了存在 从只在大陆冰川漂流物中识别到的 许多更短 更规则的 冰川形成和消融的周期
找副词 定语
As a result, Earth’s surface has been continually changed and eroded into delicate / systems of river valleys / —a remarkable contrast to / the surfaces of other planetary bodies / where impact craters dominate.
For most of our species’ history, we lived in small, widely dispersed, nomadic groups.
翻译：
作为一个结果，地球的表面已经持续的改变和腐蚀成一个精密的河谷系统 - 是一个和其他陨石坑占据主导的星球表面的一个不可思议的对比
对于大多数我们物种的历史，我们生活在一个小的，分散的，游牧群组里
找情态动词 | 主干
The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea that may be the length, the frequency range and the breaking up into notes are all aspects of chaffinch song / shared between normal birds and those reared in isolation /.
翻译：
孤立饲养的鸟的天然的的声音给了一些线索，在声音的长度、频率范围、分解成音符等方面，普通鸟与孤立饲养的鸟共享
crude adj. 粗制的;粗糙的;天然的;粗略的;冒犯
找形容词
If a branch is not producing enough carbohydrate to cover its own running costs—i.e., it needs to be subsidized by other branches because, for example, it is being shaded and receives little light—it will usually be got rid of.
If a branch is not producing enough carbohydrate to cover its own running costs
条件状语从句
by other branches
方式状语
because, for example, it is being shaded and receives little light
原因状语
翻译：
如果一个枝干不能产生足够的碳水化合物去覆盖自己运行时的消耗，也就是说，他需要被其他枝干所供养，例如，因为它正在被遮挡和获取不到光 - 它最终会脱落
找形容词
Because of this difference, foraging modes may alternate at successive levels in the food chain: insects that move about may be captured by lizards that are sit-and-wait foragers, and those lizards may be eaten by active predator s, whereas insects / that are sedentary / are more likely to be discovered by lizards that are active foragers, and those lizards may be caught by sit-and-wait predators.
翻译：
因为这种不同，觅食模式可能在食物链的连续等级中改变：那些移动的昆虫可能被坐着等待的蜥蜴捕食，然后这些蜥蜴可能被运动的捕食者吃掉，然而那些静止的昆虫更容易被运动的蜥蜴发现，然后这些蜥蜴可能被坐着等待的捕食者抓住。
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