数据可视化策略
As Alberto Cairo, a well-known information designer, professor, and the Knight Chair in Visual Journalism at the University of Miami, has long argued, data visualization is an efficient and important tool for helping humans learn from data:
迈阿密大学视觉新闻学的知名信息设计师，教授兼骑士主席Alberto Cairo长期以来一直在争辩说，数据可视化是一种有效而重要的工具，可帮助人们从数据中学习：
“Most people grasp the truth of an assessment only when they unequivocally envision the evidence for it, something that our kludgy brains alone often can’t do well. That’s why visualization works.” - The Truthful Art
“大多数人只有在明确地为评估提供证据时才了解评估的真相，而仅凭我们笨拙的大脑往往无法做得很好。 这就是可视化工作的原因。” -真实的艺术
Data visualization is about visually encoding data so we can more easily recognize patterns. However, I came to realize that too often data visualization students and designers underestimate how powerful data visualization can be and limit the potential of their visuals, keeping them from finding unexpected insights. As I tried to get myself out of this limitation, I identified four fundamental strategies that can help data analysts and visualization designers transition to a higher level of design:
数据可视化是关于对数据进行视觉编码，因此我们可以更轻松地识别模式。 但是，我逐渐意识到，数据可视化的学生和设计师常常低估了数据可视化的功能，限制了其视觉效果的潜力，使他们无法找到意想不到的见解。 当我试图摆脱这种局限性时，我确定了四种基本策略，可以帮助数据分析师和可视化设计师过渡到更高的设计水平：
- Be the blasting cap of innovation 成为创新的爆炸帽
- Keep your expectations out保持期望
- Design for insight, not beauty为洞察力而不是美丽而设计
- Plan before you build建立之前先计划
1.成为创新的顶峰(1. Be the blasting cap of innovation)
Data analysis and data science are great tools to help businesses to make decisions based on facts instead of intuition or guesses. Data visualization plays a vital role in this process, usually by helping translate the results found in the data to decision-makers (or any other audience that you are trying to reach). But data visualization can do more than that! We can use data visualizations to not only answer questions but to generate more questions and inspire innovation. Data visualization can be the blasting cap of innovation.
数据分析和数据科学是帮助企业根据事实而不是凭直觉或猜测做出决策的出色工具。 数据可视化在此过程中起着至关重要的作用，通常是通过帮助将数据中发现的结果转换为决策者(或您尝试接触的任何其他受众)来实现。 但是数据可视化可以做的更多！ 我们可以使用数据可视化不仅回答问题，还可以产生更多问题并激发创新。 数据可视化可以成为创新的爆炸帽。
But what is a “blasting cap”? Let’s think about dynamite for a moment.
但是什么是“爆炸帽”？ 让我们考虑一下炸药。
Dynamite needs to be triggered by near-instantaneous heating to explode. This heating is called the “initial activation energy,” and it creates a small explosion that in turn detonates the dynamite. The activation is produced by a device called a “blasting cap.”
炸药需要由近乎瞬时的加热触发才能爆炸。 这种加热称为“初始活化能”，它会产生小爆炸，进而引爆炸药。 激活是通过称为“喷砂帽”的设备进行的。
We can think of data visualization as the blasting cap producing activation energy, and the explosion of the dynamite as the resulting ideas and innovation. Data visualization can do more than answer pre-defined questions. By using data visualization to provide a new perspective on a topic, we can encourage people to think more creatively. New ideas come up, and innovation explodes.
我们可以将数据可视化视为产生活化能的爆炸帽，将炸药的爆炸视为产生的思想和创新。 数据可视化不仅可以回答预定义的问题。 通过使用数据可视化为主题提供新的视角，我们可以鼓励人们更多地思考。 新想法浮现，创新爆炸。
Check out my article “Data Visualization, Let Them Wonder” for an in-depth discussion of using visualizations to widen one’s knowledge:
请查看我的文章“数据可视化，让他们想知道”，以深入讨论如何使用可视化来扩展知识：
2.保持期望 (2. Keep your expectations out)
One of the most common ways we keep visualizations from reaching their potential is by designing them based on the results we expect to see. I overheard each of the following in the past years while working with data visualization:
我们使可视化无法发挥其潜力的最常见方法之一是根据我们期望看到的结果进行设计。 在过去的几年中，我在处理数据可视化时忽略了以下每个方面：
“Let’s use variables X, Y, and Z in our model so that we can show that our service is efficient”
“让我们在模型中使用变量X，Y和Z，以便我们可以证明我们的服务是有效的”
“Please, remove those years from the axis for the report to support my project”
“请从轴上删除那些年份以支持我的项目”
“Use this data set because it’s better to prove X and Y points”
“使用此数据集是因为最好证明X和Y点”
What’s wrong with those sentences? When we build our visualizations around what we expect to see, we introduce bias into our analysis, and the whole concept of using data visualization to provide new perspectives and generate new ideas is broken. The insights your visualization provides will be limited or, worse, misleading. Make sure you are objective when designing your visuals, and focus on learning from your data.
这些句子怎么了？ 当我们围绕期望的结果构建可视化视图时，会在分析中引入偏见，并且使用数据可视化视图提供新视角并产生新想法的整个概念被打破了。 您的可视化提供的见解将是有限的，或者更糟的是会误导。 设计视觉效果时，请确保客观，并专注于从数据中学习。
3.为洞察力而不是美丽而设计 (3. Design for insight, not beauty)
How many times have you seen a visualization that is truly beautiful but hard to understand?
您看过多少次视觉效果真正美丽却难以理解？
Some years ago, Cogent Legal posted an article about showing complex data for litigation using Adobe Illustrator and Excel. One of the charts they presented looks pretty nice, with different colors, color intensities, categorical numbers, and a map. However, it is too complex — it’s difficult to know where to look first, what the different colors mean, and, especially, whether the map is just an illustration or if it is associated with the graph. Take a look:
几年前，Cogent Legal发布了一篇有关使用Adobe Illustrator和Excel显示复杂数据以进行诉讼的文章。 他们展示的其中一张图表看起来非常漂亮，具有不同的颜色，颜色强度，分类数字和地图。 但是，它太复杂了-很难知道首先要看的地方，不同的颜色是什么意思，尤其是地图是否仅是插图还是与图表相关联。 看一看：
Cogent Legal later revised the graph. They used different breaks along the x-axis, replaced the data points with a scatter plot and a line plot in one graph, added other data points in a different color, and added bars of increasing opacity at the peaks. The revised graph was even more complex than the first.
Cogent Legal随后修改了该图。 他们在x轴上使用了不同的中断点，在一个图形中用散点图和线图替换了数据点，以其他颜色添加了其他数据点，并在峰值处添加了增加不透明度的条形。 修改后的图甚至比第一个更复杂。
The chart still looks nice, but it isn’t easy to pull insights from. This could be helped by using multiple graphs instead of one. If you have a lot of information to share, try splitting it into multiple plots so that important aspects of the graph won’t overlap. To design for insight, keep things as simple as you can.
该图表看起来仍然不错，但是要获取见解并不容易。 这可以通过使用多个图形而不是一个图形来帮助。 如果您有很多要共享的信息，请尝试将其分成多个图，以使图形的重要方面不会重叠。 要进行洞察力设计，请使事情尽可能简单。
4.在构建之前进行计划 (4. Plan before you build)
Before you start creating your visualizations, take the time to understand the data and the focus of your work. Ask yourself questions that will give you a clear direction. For example:
在开始创建可视化文件之前，请花时间了解数据和工作重点。 问自己一些问题，这些问题会给您一个明确的方向。 例如：
Who is the audience?
谁是观众？
What do you want to accomplish with your visuals?
您想用视觉效果做什么？
What is the most important information for your audience?
对您的听众来说最重要的信息是什么？
What aspects of the data they need to understand better?
他们需要更好地理解数据的哪些方面？
Then start exploring your data, and find what needs to be translated into visuals. This will help you tell your audience the best, clearest story you can.
然后开始探索您的数据，并找到需要转换为视觉效果的内容。 这将帮助您告诉听众最佳，最清晰的故事。
I personally never start my visualizations on the computer, but instead with paper and a pen. I write down my ideas, goals for the project, and start sketching types of visualizations that could help my audience better understand the data.
我个人从来没有在计算机上开始可视化，而是使用纸和笔。 我写下我的想法，项目目标，并开始草拟可视化类型，以帮助我的听众更好地理解数据。
A few months ago, when I was working on a dashboard about COVID-19, an idea came to me in a meeting. I immediately grabbed a piece of paper and drew what I had in mind.
几个月前，当我在有关COVID-19的仪表盘上工作时，一个想法在一次会议上浮现。 我立即拿起一张纸，画出了我的想法。
That paper helped me, later on, to improve my ideas and decide on the look of my final dashboard. Stepping back to focus on planning before starting to build your visualization will help you to be more efficient, more creative, and take a broader, clearer view of your data.
后来，该论文帮助我改善了想法并决定了最终仪表板的外观。 在开始构建可视化文件之前，将精力集中于计划工作将有助于您提高效率，创造力，并更广泛，更清晰地查看数据。
As you plan your next data viz project, remember these four strategies to help you move from insight-less visualizations to insightful ones. They might be just what you need to turn your visuals into blasting-cap detonators and trigger an explosion of innovation for your audience!
在计划下一个数据视图项目时，请记住这四种策略，以帮助您从无见识的可视化过渡到有见识的可视化。 它们可能正是您需要的，将您的视觉效果变成爆炸帽雷管，并为您的听众引发创新的爆炸！
- Be the blasting cap of innovation — use your visuals to change the perspective and expand the knowledge of your audience 成为创新的顶峰-利用视觉效果改变视角并扩大受众知识
- Keep your expectations out, and focus on learning from your data保持期望，专注于从数据中学习
- Design for insight by keeping things simple通过保持简单而设计洞察力
- Plan before you build建立之前先计划
数据可视化策略
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