Handler机制一篇文章深入分析Handler、Message、MessageQueue、Looper流程和源码

首先附上我的几篇其它文章链接感兴趣的可以看看,如果文章有异议的地方欢迎指出,共同进步,顺便点赞谢谢!!!
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Android studio编写第一个NDK工程的过程详解(附Demo下载地址)
面试必备1:HashMap(JDK1.8)原理以及源码分析
面试必备2:JDK1.8LinkedHashMap实现原理及源码分析
Android事件分发机制原理及源码分析
View事件的滑动冲突以及解决方案
Android三级缓存原理及用LruCache、DiskLruCache实现一个三级缓存的ImageLoader

Handler概述

Handler是一种通信机制,只不过在Android我们常用来更新UI,接下来我将分别从Message、MessageQueue、Looper、handler以及ThreadLocal的源码去深入理解handler的执行流程。

Message :消息对象

Message消息对象,它是数据的载体,内部有几个属性,可以让我们携带数据;而Message通过内部有一个池机制,可以让我们复用Message对象 ,而这个消息池的最大容量 MAX_POOL_SIZE = 50,消息池是通过链表数据结构来组织起来的。
消息池:想要了解池机制我们需要从Message的 obtain() 和 recycle()两个核心方法入手了池机制,首先我们要先看看Message中的几个重要的成员变量,next;存的是我们当前个消息对象的下一个消息对象的地址,同过next属性构建出一个链表结果的消息池。

   /**
     * 此处我只是沾出Message的几个常用的重要属性,其他属性我们不常用在这里没贴出来有需要的大家可以去源码看
    */
    public int what;
    public int arg1;
    public int arg2;
    public Object obj;//上面四个我们常用携带数据标识
    long when;  //标识当前消息的触发时间
    Handler target;//存储发送消息的hanndler
    Message next;//存的是我们当前消息对象的下一个消息对象的地址,通过next属性构建出一个链表结果的消息池
    private static Message sPool; //sPool属性:我们当前池的头指针位置  ,即只存出链表的第一个消息地址
    private static final Object sPoolSync = new Object();//同步锁防止线程污染
    private static int sPoolSize = 0;//消息池大小
    private static final int MAX_POOL_SIZE = 50;//消息池最大容量

接下来我们看看obtain()方法的源码:

  /**
     * Return a new Message instance from the global pool. Allows us to
     * avoid allocating new objects in many cases.
     * if (sPool为空){
      *    return; new Message();  //无可复用的消息,消息池为空
      *}else {
     *       return 从消息池中获取;   }
     */
    public static Message obtain() {
        synchronized (sPoolSync) {
            if (sPool != null) {
                Message m = sPool;//取出表头的Message对象返回
                sPool = m.next;//讲链表后移,记录新的表头消息
                m.next = null;//移除第一个
                m.flags = 0; // clear in-use清除标记
                sPoolSize--;//链表长度减去1
                return m;
            }
        }
        return new Message();
    }

接下来我们看看recycle()方法的源码:
先判断当前消息对象是否在使用中,如果在使用中,则该消息对象无法回收 直接return, 否则调用recycleUnchecked()方法回收消息。需要注意的是recycle方法不需要我们手动调用,它的调用实在Looper的loop()方法中自动调用,详细过程将在Looper源码中进行分析

/**
     * Return a Message instance to the global pool.
     * <p>
     * You MUST NOT touch the Message after calling this function because it has
     * effectively been freed.  It is an error to recycle a message that is currently
     * enqueued or that is in the process of being delivered to a Handler.
     * </p>
     */
    public void recycle() {
        if (isInUse()) {
            if (gCheckRecycle) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("This message cannot be recycled because it "
                        + "is still in use.");
            }//在使用中的消息对象无法回收  直接return
            return;
        }
        recycleUnchecked();
    }

 /**
     * Recycles a Message that may be in-use.
     * Used internally by the MessageQueue and Looper when disposing of queued Messages.
     * recycleUnchecked回收未在使用中的消息对象,实现链表加1
     */
    void recycleUnchecked() {
        // Mark the message as in use while it remains in the recycled object pool.
        // Clear out all other details.
        flags = FLAG_IN_USE;
        what = 0;
        arg1 = 0;
        arg2 = 0;
        obj = null;
        replyTo = null;
        sendingUid = -1;
        when = 0;
        target = null;
        callback = null;
        data = null;//以上操作把要回收的message对象的成员变量回归初始值
	
		//以下是重点:实现链表连接池的加1,将message存入消息池中,
        synchronized (sPoolSync) {
            if (sPoolSize < MAX_POOL_SIZE) {
                next = sPool;//先把当前回收的message的next指向消息池的链表头
                sPool = this;//再将自己当做新的表头
                sPoolSize++;//长度加1
            }
        }
    }

通过以上分析,我们可以知道Mesage是消息对象handler中消息数据的载体,只是它内置消息池实现消息对象的复用以避免new 对象时造成的内存让费。

MessageQueue:消息队列的源码分析

MessageQueue消息队列用于存储handler发送的Message对象,本质上还是通过Message对象的next属性组织起一个单向链表,具有先进先出的特性。接下来我将从它的存储(入队)enqueueMessage()方法和取出(出队)next() 两个方法进行分析,需要注意的是出队和入队操作都是按照Message的when属性进行。

首先我们先分析next()方法源码 :

  • 调用时机是在Looper.loop()方法的死循环中获取消息,根据触发时间(Message.when属性)判断。
  • 如果触发时间到了,那么就将当前消息取出return给Looper进行处理, 如果触发时间没到,那么就运算出一个时间的差值 ——我们此刻距离消息触发还需要多久(nextPollTimeoutMillis)
  • 在下一次循环的时候,会调用netive方法——nativePollOnce(nextPollTimeoutMillis),nativePollOnce方法中有一个wait动作,让线程暂停nextPollTimeoutMillis时间值,等到nextPollTimeoutMillis时间达到以后,循环继续执行
/**
*取出下一个消息的动作
*/
Message next() {
        // Return here if the message loop has already quit and been disposed.
        // This can happen if the application tries to restart a looper after quit
        // which is not supported.
        final long ptr = mPtr;
        if (ptr == 0) {
            return null;
        }

        int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
        int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
        for (;;) {//开启死循环获取未处理的消息
            if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
                Binder.flushPendingCommands();
            }
			//调用本地native的nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis)方法休眠
			//nextPollTimeoutMillis=msg.when-当前系统时间 
            nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);

            synchronized (this) {
                // Try to retrieve the next message.  Return if found.
                final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
                Message prevMsg = null;
                Message msg = mMessages;
                if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
                    // Stalled by a barrier.  Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
                    do {
                        prevMsg = msg;
                        msg = msg.next;
                    } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
                }
                if (msg != null) {
                    if (now < msg.when) {
                        // Next message is not ready.  Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
                        //如果当前系统时间< msg.when计算时间差值,在上面调用
                        nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
                    } else {
                        // Got a message.否则取出当前消息返回给Looper
                        //消息队列中移除当前消息并更新相关状态,链表的移除即prevMsg 当前的消息直接指向它
                        //的下一个消息的下一个msg.next
                        mBlocked = false;
                        if (prevMsg != null) {
                            prevMsg.next = msg.next;
                        } else {
                            mMessages = msg.next;
                        }
                        msg.next = null;
                        if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
                        msg.markInUse();
                        return msg;//否则取出当前消息返回给Looper
                    }
                } else {
                    // No more messages.
                    nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
                }

				//下面是处理一些异常情况,不是核心代码(可忽略)
                // Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled.
                if (mQuitting) {
                    dispose();
                    return null;
                }

                // If first time idle, then get the number of idlers to run.
                // Idle handles only run if the queue is empty or if the first message
                // in the queue (possibly a barrier) is due to be handled in the future.
                if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0
                        && (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {
                    pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
                }
                if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
                    // No idle handlers to run.  Loop and wait some more.
                    mBlocked = true;
                    continue;
                }

                if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
                    mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
                }
                mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
            }

            // Run the idle handlers.
            // We only ever reach this code block during the first iteration.
            for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
                final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
                mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler

                boolean keep = false;
                try {
                    keep = idler.queueIdle();
                } catch (Throwable t) {
                    Log.wtf(TAG, "IdleHandler threw exception", t);
                }

                if (!keep) {
                    synchronized (this) {
                        mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
                    }
                }
            }

            // Reset the idle handler count to 0 so we do not run them again.
            pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;

            // While calling an idle handler, a new message could have been delivered
            // so go back and look again for a pending message without waiting.
            nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
        }
    }

enqueueMessage()方法的源码 调用时机:是在Handler中enqueueMessage()方法调用,至于详细的调用过程我将在Handler的源码中进行分析,这里不再赘述。

/**
*MessageQueue中
*enqueueMessage方法源码
*/
 boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
        if (msg.target == null) {//msg.target在message源码中说过他是用来存储发送当前消息的Handler对象
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
        }
        if (msg.isInUse()) {
            throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
        }

        synchronized (this) {
            if (mQuitting) {
                IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
                        msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
                Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
                msg.recycle();
                return false;
            }//上面是对Message使用的异常情况的判断(非核心代码)

            msg.markInUse();//更新当前message的使用状态
            msg.when = when;//取出入队消息的触发时间
            
            Message p = mMessages;//表头消息
             //是否需要唤醒。因为在next中nativePollOnce
            //(nextPollTimeoutMillis)中有一个wait动作 ,线程会暂停运行nextPollTimeoutMillis时间值
            boolean needWake;
          
            if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.队列为空时把当前Message作为新表头
                msg.next = p;
                mMessages = msg;
                needWake = mBlocked;
            } else {
                // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake
                // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
                // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
                //否则入队
                needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
                Message prev;//记入上一个Message
                for (;;) {//死循环前后比较时间  根据when去确定要插入的位置
                    prev = p;
                    p = p.next;
                    if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                        break;
                    }
                    if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                        needWake = false;
                    }
                }
                msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
                prev.next = msg;
            }

            // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
            if (needWake) {
            //唤醒线程,调用native方法
                nativeWake(mPtr);
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

到此MessageQueue的enqueueMessage()和next()入队和出队分析完成。

Looper :消息轮询器

Looper :消息轮询器:

  • 作用: 不停的从MessageQueue中获取未处理的消息交给handler去处理
  • Looper 通过prepare()方法 获取和实例化Looper对象,本身是一个单例模式只能通过prepare()实例化
  • Looper 的loop()方法是通过一个死循环不断的从MessageQueue中读取未处理的消息,其实就是在不停对MessageQueue进行next()动作,不断的拿到我们需要处理的下一个消息进行处理
  • 每一个Looper都自带一个自己的MessageQueue,在自己的构造器中就已经进行了实例化
  • next()方法取出消息后将消息交给当前消息的msg.target. dispatchMessage ()方法处理,在上面Message的源码中分析过msg.target存储的是发送该消息的handler对象,即调用handler. dispatchMessage ()方法处理消息
  • 在next方法的最后调用msg.recycleUnchecked()方法处理回收该消息对象

以上便是Looer的大致流程,接下来分析prepare()和loop()方法的源码

prepare()方法源码分析

 /** Initialize the current thread as a looper.  prepare方法源码
      * This gives you a chance to create handlers that then reference
      * this looper, before actually starting the loop. Be sure to call
      * {@link #loop()} after calling this method, and end it by calling
      * {@link #quit()}.
    
      */
    public static void prepare() {
        prepare(true);
    }
 /**
    *借助ThreadLoacl来帮我们进行Looper对象的存和取,实现线程之间数据的隔离存储,在handler中通过ThreadLocal.get();取出looper对象,详细内容将会在Handler源码中进行分析 
    */
    private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {//线程有且只有一个Looper对象
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        //实例化Looper对象并存储到  sThreadLocal
        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
    }

loop()方法源码分析:

  /**
     * Run the message queue in this thread. Be sure to call
     * {@link #quit()} to end the loop.
    
     * 去除部分代码看主流程
     *   final Looper me = myLooper();//通过 myLooper()获取Looper对象
     *   final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;//通过Looper获取消息队列
     *    for (;;) {//开启死循环
     *      Message msg = queue.next(); // Messagequeue.next()取出消息
     *      try {
     *            msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);//交给Handler处理
     *        }
     *     msg.recycleUnchecked();//回收消息对象
     */
    public static void loop() {
        final Looper me = myLooper();//通过 myLooper()获取Looper对象
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }
        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;//通过Looper获取消息队列

        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

        for (;;) {
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
            if (msg == null) {
                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                return;
            }

            // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
            final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                        msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
            }

            final long slowDispatchThresholdMs = me.mSlowDispatchThresholdMs;

            final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
            if (traceTag != 0 && Trace.isTagEnabled(traceTag)) {
                Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
            }
            final long start = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
            final long end;
            try {
                msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);//);//交给Handler处理
                end = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
            } finally {
                if (traceTag != 0) {
                    Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
                }
            }
            if (slowDispatchThresholdMs > 0) {
                final long time = end - start;
                if (time > slowDispatchThresholdMs) {
                    Slog.w(TAG, "Dispatch took " + time + "ms on "
                            + Thread.currentThread().getName() + ", h=" +
                            msg.target + " cb=" + msg.callback + " msg=" + msg.what);
                }
            }

            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
            }

            // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
            // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
            final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
            if (ident != newIdent) {
                Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                        + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                        + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
            }
            msg.recycleUnchecked();//;//回收消息对象
        }
    }

myLooper()方法源码:

/**
     * Return the Looper object associated with the current thread.  Returns
     * null if the calling thread is not associated with a Looper.
     */
    public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
        return sThreadLocal.get();//从sThreadLocal中获取Looper对象
    }

到此Looper的工作流程完毕,至于使用ThreadLocal去存储获取Looper对象的原因有:

  1. 帮我们实现一个线程有且只有一个Looper对象
  2. 数据隔离:可以让我们在当前线程的任意地方获取到Looper对象,并保证处于同一个线程中的类,取到的是同一个Looper对象,进而操作同一个MessageQueue。只有当我们能够保证发送消息和接收消息所操作的MessageQueue是同一个消息队列的时候,程序才能运转正常。

Handler:消息的发送者 和 消息的最终处理者

Handler的发送和处理分别是通过Handler的enqueueMessage()和dispatchMessage()两个核心方法进行的。结下来将从“构造起”和以上两个方法的源码入手

Handler的构造方法初始化数据:

  1. 通过 Looper.myLooper()实例化了当前线程的Looper对象 mLooper
  2. 并且通过looper对象获取MessageQueue mQueue
  3. 从构造器中可以看出初始化Handler必须先初始化Looper对象,而在我们平时使用过程中主线程并没有先调用 Looper.myLooper()实例化Looper对象的原因是:在应用程序启动时ActivityThread主线程的main()方法中实例化了主线程中的Looper对象,具体源码稍后分析。

构造器有重载但是最终都会调用如下方法:

 /**
     * @hide
     */
    public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
        if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
            final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
            if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
                    (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
                Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
                    klass.getCanonicalName());
            }
        }
        mLooper = Looper.myLooper();//获取当前线程的Looper对象
        if (mLooper == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
            	//从此处可以看出初始化Handler必须先初始化Looper对象
                "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
        }
        mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;//通过Looper对象获取Looper中的消息队列MessageQueue
        mCallback = callback;
        mAsynchronous = async;
    }

消息的发送: 最终是通过调用MessageQueue调用消息队列的enqueueMessage()方法进行存储消息,即入队操作。我们无论是通过调用handler的sendMessage(Message msg)、sendEmptyMessage(int what)、sendMessageDelayed(msg, delayMillis)等方法还是调用post(Runnable r)、postDelayed( )等post相关方法最终都会调用sendMessageAtTime()方法,即handler发送消息无论通过send相关方法还是post相关方法,最终都是调用sendMessageAtTime()方法发送消息。

至于如何调用到endMessageAtTime方法,非常简单,就是通过方法重载。该过程源码在这里不再赘述,我们直接看sendMessageAtTime()方法的源码:

 public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        MessageQueue queue = mQueue;//step1获取构造器中初始化的MessageQueue
        if (queue == null) {
            RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                    this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
            Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
            return false;
        }//调用enqueueMessage方法
        return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

由上面看出sendMessageAtTime最终掉用了handler的enqueueMessage()方法发送消息,enqueueMessage()源码如下:

 private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
 		/**
 		注意: msg.target = this;将当前Handler对象存储到当前消息的 msg.target中,照应了Looper.loop()方法中拿到消息后通过msg.target获取当前handler.调用msg.target.dispatchMessage()方法处理消息,即最终又交给了当前handler处理消息*/
        msg.target = this;
        if (mAsynchronous) {
            msg.setAsynchronous(true);
        }
        //最终调用MessageQueue的enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);进行消息入队操作
        //queue.enqueueMessage方法在上面已经分析
        return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

用dispatchMessage()方法处理消息, 是在Looper的loop()方法中调用处理消息,源码如下:

 /**
     * Handle system messages here.
     */
    public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                //处理消息时判断是否拦截消息mCallback.handleMessage(msg),返回true则不会执行下面的 
                //handleMessage(msg),即拦截了消息
                    return;
                }
            }
            //如果不拦截,回掉handleMessage方法处理消息
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }

到此handler的发送和处理的源码分析完成。

为什么在主线程中初始化Handler对象不需要先初始化Looper

简单分析一下ActivityThread主线程中的main方法的源码:

//此方法是应用程序的主入口
public static void main(String[] args) {
        Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "ActivityThreadMain");
        SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();
        CloseGuard.setEnabled(false);
        Environment.initForCurrentUser();
        // Set the reporter for event logging in libcore
        EventLogger.setReporter(new EventLoggingReporter());
        // Make sure TrustedCertificateStore looks in the right place for CA certificates
        final File configDir = Environment.getUserConfigDirectory(UserHandle.myUserId());
        TrustedCertificateStore.setDefaultUserDirectory(configDir);
        Process.setArgV0("<pre-initialized>");
        //在应用程序启动时就初始化了主线程的Looper对象
        Looper.prepareMainLooper();
        ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
        thread.attach(false);
        if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
            sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
        }
        if (false) {
            Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
                    LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
        }
        // End of event ActivityThreadMain.
        Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
        //开启死循环轮询查询消息
        Looper.loop();
        throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
    }

总结

到此为止handler的源码分析完毕。总结一下,我们通过handler发送消息的过程就是通过Looper获取MessageQueue调用eqeueMessage方法入队的过程,而处理消息的过程就是通过Looper的loop方法不断的从当前线程的MessagQueue中取出消息交给发送消息的handler对象调用dispatchMessage方法处理消息,因此handler在哪个线程实例化就在哪个线程处理消息。
这是第一次写博客,希望这篇文章对大家有所帮助,里面的不足之处请大家留言指正。我后续也会继续分享和编写更多干货,请大家多多支持和点赞!!!谢谢

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