ADS Circuit Design Cookbook

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Getting Started

Step 1 - Creating Workspace

1.File > New > Workspace
2.Select the libraries to be included in the workspace

3.Provide the library name under which user would like to organize the work.
4.Select the preferred units to be used during the design.

Step 2 - Creating Schematic Design

File >New >Schematic

Tuning and Optimization

It is often the case that our manually calculated values do not provide the most optimum performance and it is needed to change the component values. This can be done in two ways: Tuning or Optimization.

What is Tuning?

Tuning is a way in which we can change the component values and see the impact of the same on circuit performance. This is a manual way of achieving the required performance from a circuit which works well in certain cases

What is Optimization?

Optimization is an automated procedure of achieving the circuit performance in which ADS can modify the circuit component values in order to meet the specific optimization goals. Please note that
care should be taken while setting up the goals to be achieved and it should be practically possible else it will not be possible to meet the goals. Also the component values which are being optimized
should be within the practical limits and this needs to be decided by designers considering the practical limitations.

Performing Tuning

1.选择【tuning】控件，然后选择相关的器件，然后上下拉相关的器件参数，直到指标满足要求为止；
2.Once we have achieved the desired or best possible results we can click Update Schematic button to update these tuning values on design schematic.

Performing Optimization

1. Setting up Optimization Goals
2. Placing Optimization Controller and select type of optimizer and number of iterations
3. Make component values optimization ready
   
   
   

Defining Component Values to be Optimization ready

1. Go to Simulate->Simulation Variables Setup.
2. Click Optimization Tab in the variable setup window (this variable window is a single place where we define components to be tunable, optimization or set their tolerances for Statistical analysis)
3. Select all the “L” and “C” values to Optimize and set their min and max as per your own convenience (make sure that the value limits are realistic).
   
   
   
   
   最后update结果，得到的数据如下：
   

Harmonic Balance

Harmonic balance is a frequency-domain analysis technique for simulating distortion in nonlinear circuits and systems. It is well-suited for simulating analog RF and microwave problems, since these are most naturally handled in the frequency domain. You can analyze power amplifiers, frequency multipliers, mixers, and modulators etc., under large-signal sinusoidal drive.
Harmonic balance simulation enables the multi-tone simulation of circuits that exhibit inter-modulation frequency conversion. This includes frequency conversion between harmonics. Not only can the
circuit itself produce harmonics, but each signal source (stimulus) can also produce harmonics or small-signal sidebands. The stimulus can consist of up to 12 non-harmonically related sources. The total number of frequencies in the system is limited only by such practical considerations as memory, swap space, and simulation speed.
The harmonic balance method is iterative. It is based on the assumption that for a given sinusoidal excitation there exist steady-state solutions that can be approximated to satisfactory accuracy by
means of a finite Fourier series. Consequently, the circuit node voltages take on a set of amplitudes and phases for all frequency components. The currents flowing from nodes into linear elements,
including all distributed elements, are calculated by means of a straightforward frequency-domain linear analysis. Currents from nodes into nonlinear elements are calculated in the time-domain.
Generalized Fourier analysis is used to transform from the time-domain to the frequency-domain.
The Harmonic Balance solution is approximated by truncated Fourier series and this method is inherently incapable of representing transient behavior. The time-derivative can be computed exactly
with boundary conditions, v(0)=v(t), automatically satisfied for all iterates.
The truncated Fourier approximation + N circuit equations results in a residual function that is minimized.
N x M nonlinear algebraic equations are solved for the Fourier coefficients using Newton’s method and the inner linear problem is solved by:
• Direct method (Gaussian elimination) for small problems.
• Krylov-subspace method (e.g. GMRES) for larger problems.
Nonlinear devices (transistors, diodes, etc.) in Harmonic Balance are evaluated (sampled) in the timedomain and converted to frequency-domain via the FFT.

单音信号谐波分析

TOI=20，输入信号为-20dBm时候，输出的谐波情况如下图：

TOI=20，输入信号为-10dBm时候，输出的谐波情况如下图：

从如上两个图可以看出，输入信号减小10dB，输出信号减小了30dB；

输入信号扫频

建立原理图；

【parameter sweep】控件输入如下扫频计划和仿真的控件；

得到的输出结果；

增加方程，查看增益的情况，方程如果有错误，会显示为红色；


查看一阶和三阶的扫描情况；

Planar EM Simulation

Agilent ADS provides two key electromagnetic simulators integrated within its environment making it convenient for the designers to perform EM simulations on their designs. Unlike circuit simulators, EM
simulators are used on layout.

Microstrip Bandpass Filter

Creating the Schematic Design for BPF

创建原理图；

查看结果；

Creating the Layout from Schematic

将创建好的原理图导入到ADS layout中；

Setup and run EM simulation

To run EM simulation it is need to setup the required things properly.

选择【EM】控件，将下图中的各个选项设置好；

Substrate设置，port端口设置，frequency plan设置，设置好后点击保存；


同时在option选项中，选中edge mesh；

选设置好后，保存，然后点击仿真；

Comparison of EM and Schematic Results

In order to see both the results on the same graph, double-click the Momentum graph and click the drop down list to locate the dataset for the circuit. It should be with the same name as the cell name (e.g. Lab4_Mstrip_Filter) and select S(1,1) and S(2,1) in dB. observe the response with both circuit simulation as well as Momentum simulation
response to compare their performance.

Patch Antenna Design

A microstrip antenna in its simplest configuration consists of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate, which has a ground plane on the other side. The patch conductors usually made
of copper or gold can be virtually assumed to be of any shape. However, conventional shapes are normally used to simplify analysis and performance prediction. The radiating elements and the feed lines are usually photo etched on the dielectric substrate.

The radiating patch may be square, rectangular, circular elliptical or any other configuration. Square, rectangular and circular shapes are the most common because of ease of analysis and fabrication.
Some of the advantages of the microstrip antennas compared to conventional microwave antennas are:
• Low weight, low volume
• Low fabrication cost
• Easy mass production
• Linear and circular polarization are possible with simple feed
• Easily integrated with MIC
• Feed lines and matching networks can be fabricated simultaneously with antenna structures
Patch antennas find various applications stating from military to commercial, because of their ease of design and fabrication. Patch arrays are extensively used in phased array radar applications and in
applications requiring high directivity and narrow beam width.

Calculating Patch Antenna Dimensions

1. Select an appropriate substrate of thickness (h) and dielectric constant (εr) for the design of the patch antenna. In present case, we shall use following Dielectric for design:
   a. Height: 1.6 mm
   b. Metal Thickness: 0.7 mil (1/2 oz. Copper)
   c. Er: 4.6
   d. TanD: 0.001
   e. Conductivity: 5.8E7 S/m
2. Calculate the physical parameters of the patch antenna as shown in the geometry in the following illustration using the given formula.
   
   The width and len