1.RS232串口通信详解
两个232串口连接时，接收数据针脚与发送数据针脚相连接彼此交叉，信号地对应相接即可。
串口的电气特性
1）RS-232通信最远距离15M
2）RS232可做到双向传输，全双工，最高传输速率可以达到20kbps。
3）RS232上传输的数字量采用负逻辑且与地对称
逻辑1： -3V ~ -15V
逻辑0：+3V ~ +15V
常用的转换电路有
232通信参数
a)波特率1200、2400、4800、9600、19200波特率
b)数据位：标准是5、7、8
c)停止位：用于表示单个包最后一位
d)奇偶效验位
串口通信的传输格式
一个数据的开始RS232线路为高电平，结束 时RS232为 低电平。
数据总是从低位向高位一位一位的传输。示波器读数时，左边是数据高位。
RS232回环测试
顶层文件：
uart_test.v
module uart_test(
input clk,
input rst_n,
input uart_rx,
output uart_tx
);
parameter CLK_FRE = 50;//Mhz
localparam IDLE = 0;
localparam SEND = 1; //send HELLO ALINX\r\n
localparam WAIT = 2; //wait 1 second and send uart received data
reg[7:0] tx_data;
reg[7:0] tx_str;
reg tx_data_valid;
wire tx_data_ready;
reg[7:0] tx_cnt;
wire[7:0] rx_data;
wire rx_data_valid;
wire rx_data_ready;
reg[31:0] wait_cnt;
reg[3:0] state;
assign rx_data_ready = 1'b1;//always can receive data,
//if HELLO ALINX\r\n is being sent, the received data is discarded
always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n)
begin
if(rst_n == 1'b0)
begin
wait_cnt <= 32'd0;
tx_data <= 8'd0;
state <= IDLE;
tx_cnt <= 8'd0;
tx_data_valid <= 1'b0;
end
else
case(state)
IDLE:
state <= SEND;
SEND:
begin
wait_cnt <= 32'd0;
tx_data <= tx_str;
if(tx_data_valid == 1'b1 && tx_data_ready == 1'b1 && tx_cnt < 8'd12)//Send 12 bytes data
begin
tx_cnt <= tx_cnt + 8'd1; //Send data counter
end
else if(tx_data_valid && tx_data_ready)//last byte sent is complete
begin
tx_cnt <= 8'd0;
tx_data_valid <= 1'b0;
state <= WAIT;
end
else if(~tx_data_valid)
begin
tx_data_valid <= 1'b1;
end
end
WAIT:
begin
wait_cnt <= wait_cnt + 32'd1;
if(rx_data_valid == 1'b1)
begin
tx_data_valid <= 1'b1;
tx_data <= rx_data; // send uart received data
end
else if(tx_data_valid && tx_data_ready)
begin
tx_data_valid <= 1'b0;
end
else if(wait_cnt >= CLK_FRE * 1000000) // wait for 1 second
state <= SEND;
end
default:
state <= IDLE;
endcase
end
//combinational logic
//Send "HELLO ALINX\r\n"
always@(*)
begin
case(tx_cnt)
8'd0 : tx_str <= "H";
8'd1 : tx_str <= "E";
8'd2 : tx_str <= "L";
8'd3 : tx_str <= "L";
8'd4 : tx_str <= "O";
8'd5 : tx_str <= " ";
8'd6 : tx_str <= "A";
8'd7 : tx_str <= "L";
8'd8 : tx_str <= "I";
8'd9 : tx_str <= "N";
8'd10: tx_str <= "X";
8'd11: tx_str <= "\r";
8'd12: tx_str <= "\n";
default:tx_str <= 8'd0;
endcase
end
uart_rx#
(
.CLK_FRE(CLK_FRE),
.BAUD_RATE(115200)
) uart_rx_inst
(
.clk (clk ),
.rst_n (rst_n ),
.rx_data (rx_data ),
.rx_data_valid (rx_data_valid ),
.rx_data_ready (rx_data_ready ),
.rx_pin (uart_rx )
);
uart_tx#
(
.CLK_FRE(CLK_FRE),
.BAUD_RATE(115200)
) uart_tx_inst
(
.clk (clk ),
.rst_n (rst_n ),
.tx_data (tx_data ),
.tx_data_valid (tx_data_valid ),
.tx_data_ready (tx_data_ready ),
.tx_pin (uart_tx )
);
endmodule
uart_tx.v
//
// //
// //
// Author: meisq //
// msq@qq.com //
// ALINX(shanghai) Technology Co.,Ltd //
// heijin //
// WEB: http://www.alinx.cn/ //
// BBS: http://www.heijin.org/ //
// //
//
// //
// Copyright (c) 2017,ALINX(shanghai) Technology Co.,Ltd //
// All rights reserved //
// //
// This source file may be used and distributed without restriction provided //
// that this copyright statement is not removed from the file and that any //
// derivative work contains the original copyright notice and the associated //
// disclaimer. //
// //
//
//================================================================================
// Revision History:
// Date By Revision Change Description
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//2017/8/1 1.0 Original
//*******************************************************************************/
module uart_tx
#(
parameter CLK_FRE = 50, //clock frequency(Mhz)
parameter BAUD_RATE = 115200 //serial baud rate
)
(
input clk, //clock input
input rst_n, //asynchronous reset input, low active
input[7:0] tx_data, //data to send
input tx_data_valid, //data to be sent is valid
output reg tx_data_ready, //send ready
output tx_pin //serial data output
);
//calculates the clock cycle for baud rate
localparam CYCLE = CLK_FRE * 1000000 / BAUD_RATE;
//state machine code
localparam S_IDLE = 1;
localparam S_START = 2;//start bit
localparam S_SEND_BYTE = 3;//data bits
localparam S_STOP = 4;//stop bit
reg[2:0] state;
reg[2:0] next_state;
reg[15:0] cycle_cnt; //baud counter
reg[2:0] bit_cnt;//bit counter
reg[7:0] tx_data_latch; //latch data to send
reg tx_reg; //serial data output
assign tx_pin = tx_reg;
always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n)
begin
if(rst_n == 1'b0)
state <= S_IDLE;
else
state <= next_state;
end
always@(*)
begin
case(state)
S_IDLE:
if(tx_data_valid == 1'b1)
next_state <= S_START;
else
next_state <= S_IDLE;
S_START:
if(cycle_cnt == CYCLE - 1)
next_state <= S_SEND_BYTE;
else
next_state <= S_START;
S_SEND_BYTE:
if(cycle_cnt == CYCLE - 1 && bit_cnt == 3'd7)
next_state <= S_STOP;
else
next_state <= S_SEND_BYTE;
S_STOP:
if(cycle_cnt == CYCLE - 1)
next_state <= S_IDLE;
else
next_state <= S_STOP;
default:
next_state <= S_IDLE;
endcase
end
always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n)
begin
if(rst_n == 1'b0)
begin
tx_data_ready <= 1'b0;
end
else if(state == S_IDLE)
if(tx_data_valid == 1'b1)
tx_data_ready <= 1'b0;
else
tx_data_ready <= 1'b1;
else if(state == S_STOP && cycle_cnt == CYCLE - 1)
tx_data_ready <= 1'b1;
end
always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n)
begin
if(rst_n == 1'b0)
begin
tx_data_latch <= 8'd0;
end
else if(state == S_IDLE && tx_data_valid == 1'b1)
tx_data_latch <= tx_data;
end
always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n)
begin
if(rst_n == 1'b0)
begin
bit_cnt <= 3'd0;
end
else if(state == S_SEND_BYTE)
if(cycle_cnt == CYCLE - 1)
bit_cnt <= bit_cnt + 3'd1;
else
bit_cnt <= bit_cnt;
else
bit_cnt <= 3'd0;
end
always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n)
begin
if(rst_n == 1'b0)
cycle_cnt <= 16'd0;
else if((state == S_SEND_BYTE && cycle_cnt == CYCLE - 1) || next_state != state)
cycle_cnt <= 16'd0;
else
cycle_cnt <= cycle_cnt + 16'd1;
end
always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n)
begin
if(rst_n == 1'b0)
tx_reg <= 1'b1;
else
case(state)
S_IDLE,S_STOP:
tx_reg <= 1'b1;
S_START:
tx_reg <= 1'b0;
S_SEND_BYTE:
tx_reg <= tx_data_latch[bit_cnt];
default:
tx_reg <= 1'b1;
endcase
end
endmodule
uart_rx.v
//
// //
// //
// Author: meisq //
// msq@qq.com //
// ALINX(shanghai) Technology Co.,Ltd //
// heijin //
// WEB: http://www.alinx.cn/ //
// BBS: http://www.heijin.org/ //
// //
//
// //
// Copyright (c) 2017,ALINX(shanghai) Technology Co.,Ltd //
// All rights reserved //
// //
// This source file may be used and distributed without restriction provided //
// that this copyright statement is not removed from the file and that any //
// derivative work contains the original copyright notice and the associated //
// disclaimer. //
// //
//
//================================================================================
// Revision History:
// Date By Revision Change Description
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//2017/8/1 1.0 Original
//*******************************************************************************/
module uart_rx
#(
parameter CLK_FRE = 50, //clock frequency(Mhz)
parameter BAUD_RATE = 115200 //serial baud rate
)
(
input clk, //clock input
input rst_n, //asynchronous reset input, low active
output reg[7:0] rx_data, //received serial data
output reg rx_data_valid, //received serial data is valid
input rx_data_ready, //data receiver module ready
input rx_pin //serial data input
);
//calculates the clock cycle for baud rate
localparam CYCLE = CLK_FRE * 1000000 / BAUD_RATE;
//state machine code
localparam S_IDLE = 1;
localparam S_START = 2; //start bit
localparam S_REC_BYTE = 3; //data bits
localparam S_STOP = 4; //stop bit
localparam S_DATA = 5;
reg[2:0] state;
reg[2:0] next_state;
reg rx_d0; //delay 1 clock for rx_pin
reg rx_d1; //delay 1 clock for rx_d0
wire rx_negedge; //negedge of rx_pin
reg[7:0] rx_bits; //temporary storage of received data
reg[15:0] cycle_cnt; //baud counter
reg[2:0] bit_cnt; //bit counter
assign rx_negedge = rx_d1 && ~rx_d0;
always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n)
begin
if(rst_n == 1'b0)
begin
rx_d0 <= 1'b0;
rx_d1 <= 1'b0;
end
else
begin
rx_d0 <= rx_pin;
rx_d1 <= rx_d0;
end
end
always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n)
begin
if(rst_n == 1'b0)
state <= S_IDLE;
else
state <= next_state;
end
always@(*)
begin
case(state)
S_IDLE:
if(rx_negedge)
next_state <= S_START;
else
next_state <= S_IDLE;
S_START:
if(cycle_cnt == CYCLE - 1)//one data cycle
next_state <= S_REC_BYTE;
else
next_state <= S_START;
S_REC_BYTE:
if(cycle_cnt == CYCLE - 1 && bit_cnt == 3'd7) //receive 8bit data
next_state <= S_STOP;
else
next_state <= S_REC_BYTE;
S_STOP:
if(cycle_cnt == CYCLE/2 - 1)//half bit cycle,to avoid missing the next byte receiver
next_state <= S_DATA;
else
next_state <= S_STOP;
S_DATA:
if(rx_data_ready) //data receive complete
next_state <= S_IDLE;
else
next_state <= S_DATA;
default:
next_state <= S_IDLE;
endcase
end
always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n)
begin
if(rst_n == 1'b0)
rx_data_valid <= 1'b0;
else if(state == S_STOP && next_state != state)
rx_data_valid <= 1'b1;
else if(state == S_DATA && rx_data_ready)
rx_data_valid <= 1'b0;
end
always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n)
begin
if(rst_n == 1'b0)
rx_data <= 8'd0;
else if(state == S_STOP && next_state != state)
rx_data <= rx_bits;//latch received data
end
always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n)
begin
if(rst_n == 1'b0)
begin
bit_cnt <= 3'd0;
end
else if(state == S_REC_BYTE)
if(cycle_cnt == CYCLE - 1)
bit_cnt <= bit_cnt + 3'd1;
else
bit_cnt <= bit_cnt;
else
bit_cnt <= 3'd0;
end
always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n)
begin
if(rst_n == 1'b0)
cycle_cnt <= 16'd0;
else if((state == S_REC_BYTE && cycle_cnt == CYCLE - 1) || next_state != state)
cycle_cnt <= 16'd0;
else
cycle_cnt <= cycle_cnt + 16'd1;
end
//receive serial data bit data
always@(posedge clk or negedge rst_n)
begin
if(rst_n == 1'b0)
rx_bits <= 8'd0;
else if(state == S_REC_BYTE && cycle_cnt == CYCLE/2 - 1)
rx_bits[bit_cnt] <= rx_pin;
else
rx_bits <= rx_bits;
end
endmodule
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