队列和BFS

广度优先搜索模板

之前，我们已经介绍了使用 BFS 的两个主要方案：遍历或找出最短路径。通常，这发生在树或图中。正如我们在章节描述中提到的，BFS 也可以用于更抽象的场景中。
模板1

**
 * Return the length of the shortest path between root and target node.
 */
int BFS(Node root, Node target) {
    Queue<Node> queue;  // store all nodes which are waiting to be processed
    int step = 0;       // number of steps neeeded from root to current node
    // initialize
    add root to queue;
    // BFS
    while (queue is not empty) {
        step = step + 1;
        // iterate the nodes which are already in the queue
        int size = queue.size();
        for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
            Node cur = the first node in queue;
            return step if cur is target;
            for (Node next : the neighbors of cur) {
                add next to queue;
            }
            remove the first node from queue;
        }
    }
    return -1;          // there is no path from root to target
}

模板2
有时，确保我们永远不会访问一个结点两次很重要。否则，我们可能陷入无限循环。如果是这样，我们可以在上面的代码中添加一个哈希集来解决这个问题。这是修改后的伪代码：

/**
 * Return the length of the shortest path between root and target node.
 */
int BFS(Node root, Node target) {
    Queue<Node> queue;  // store all nodes which are waiting to be processed
    Set<Node> used;     // store all the used nodes
    int step = 0;       // number of steps neeeded from root to current node
    // initialize
    add root to queue;
    add root to used;
    // BFS
    while (queue is not empty) {
        step = step + 1;
        // iterate the nodes which are already in the queue
        int size = queue.size();
        for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
            Node cur = the first node in queue;
            return step if cur is target;
            for (Node next : the neighbors of cur) {
                if (next is not in used) {
                    add next to queue;
                    add next to used;
                }
            }
            remove the first node from queue;
        }
    }
    return -1;          // there is no path from root to target
}

有两种情况你不需要使用哈希集：

你完全确定没有循环，例如，在树遍历中；
你确实希望多次将结点添加到队列中。

练习题

LeetCode200 岛屿数量
leetcode286门与墙