基于深度学习的电池健康状态预测（Python）

电池的故障预测和健康管理PHM是为了保障设备或系统的稳定运行，提供参考的电池健康管理信息，从而提醒决策者及时更换电源设备。不难发现，PHM的核心问题就是确定电池的健康状态，并预测电池剩余使用寿命。但是锂电池的退化过程影响因素众多，不仅受其本身工作模式的影响，外部环境的压力、温度等都会影响锂电池的退化。这些影响因素之间的相互耦合，导致锂电池的退化表现出很强的非线性及不确定性，这给SOH估计和RUL预测带来了很大的困难。

该项目代码较简单，主要包括Capacity predict，RUL predict，Trends predic，以Capacity predict为例，首先加载模块。

import torchimport torch.nn as nnimport torch.optim as optimimport torch.nn.functional as F from torch.utils.data import DataLoader, TensorDataset

import pandas as pdimport numpy as npimport osimport matplotlib.pyplot as pltimport warningswarnings.filterwarnings("ignore")device = torch.device("cuda:0" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")Debug = False

模型定义

# 定义LSTM模型class LSTMModel(nn.Module):    def __init__(self, conv_input, input_size, hidden_size, num_layers, output_size):        super(LSTMModel, self).__init__()        self.conv=nn.Conv1d(conv_input,conv_input,1)        self.lstm = nn.LSTM(input_size, hidden_size, num_layers, batch_first=True, bidirectional=True).to(device)                #self.fc1 = nn.Linear(hidden_size*2, hidden_size*2)        self.fc = nn.Linear(hidden_size, output_size)        self.num_layers = num_layers        self.hidden_dim = hidden_size        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(p=0.3)
    def forward(self, x):        x=self.conv(x)                h0 = torch.randn((self.num_layers, x.shape[0], self.hidden_dim)).to(device) # 初始化隐藏状态        c0 = torch.randn((self.num_layers, x.shape[0], self.hidden_dim)).to(device) # 初始化细胞状态                output, _ = self.lstm(x,(h0,c0))        output = self.dropout(output)        output = self.fc(output[:, -1, :])         return output

导入数据

# 创建一个空列表来存储读取的 DataFramesdataframes_Cap = []dataframes_EIS = []
# 使用循环读取文件并分配名称for i in range(1, 9):    # 构建文件名    file_name_cap= f"Capacity_data/Data_Capacity_25C{i:02}.txt"    file_name_EIS = f"EIS_data/EIS_state_V_25C{i:02}.txt"  # 使用状态V            if not os.path.isfile(file_name_cap):        print(f"Cap文件 {file_name_cap} 不存在，跳过...")        continue    elif not os.path.isfile(file_name_EIS):        print(f"EIS文件 {file_name_EIS} 不存在，跳过...")        continue
    # 读取文件并添加到列表    df_cap = pd.read_csv(file_name_cap, sep="\t")    df_EIS = pd.read_csv(file_name_EIS, sep="\t")    #print(df_cap.columns)        if i == 1 or i==5:        cap_number = 3    else:        cap_number = 5        #剔除表现不佳的电池    if i == 4 or i == 8:        continue    cycle = []    cap = []    eis = []    cycle_max = df_cap[df_cap.columns[1]].max()    cycle_max2 = df_EIS[df_EIS.columns[1]].max()    cycle_number = min(cycle_max,cycle_max2)        max_scale = df_cap[df_cap[df_cap.columns[1]]==0][df_cap.columns[cap_number]][:].max()    for i in range(1,int(cycle_number)+1):        temp = df_cap[df_cap[df_cap.columns[1]]==i][df_cap.columns[cap_number]][-1:].max()        temp_EIS_Re = np.array(df_EIS[df_EIS[df_EIS.columns[1]]==i][df_EIS.columns[3]][:])        temp_EIS_Im = np.array(df_EIS[df_EIS[df_EIS.columns[1]]==i][df_EIS.columns[4]][:])        cycle.append(i)        cap.append(temp)        eis.append(np.concatenate((temp_EIS_Re, temp_EIS_Im), axis=0))    dataframes_Cap.append(cap)    dataframes_EIS.append(eis)​​​​​

#将35数据读入
# 使用循环读取文件并分配名称for i in range(1, 3):    # 构建文件名    file_name_cap= f"Capacity_data/Data_Capacity_35C{i:02}.txt"    file_name_EIS = f"EIS_data/EIS_state_V_35C{i:02}.txt"  # 使用状态V            if not os.path.isfile(file_name_cap):        print(f"Cap文件 {file_name_cap} 不存在，跳过...")        continue    elif not os.path.isfile(file_name_EIS):        print(f"EIS文件 {file_name_EIS} 不存在，跳过...")        continue
    # 读取文件并添加到列表    df_cap = pd.read_csv(file_name_cap, sep="\t")    df_EIS = pd.read_csv(file_name_EIS, sep="\t")    cap_number = 3        cycle = []    cap = []    eis = []    cycle_max = df_cap[df_cap.columns[1]].max()    cycle_max2 = df_EIS[df_EIS.columns[1]].max()    cycle_number = min(cycle_max,cycle_max2)            #max_scale = df_cap[df_cap[df_cap.columns[1]]==1][df_cap.columns[cap_number]][-1:].max()    for i in range(1,int(cycle_number)+1):        temp = df_cap[df_cap[df_cap.columns[1]]==i][df_cap.columns[cap_number]][-1:].max()        temp_EIS_Re = np.array(df_EIS[df_EIS[df_EIS.columns[1]]==i][df_EIS.columns[3]][:])        temp_EIS_Im = np.array(df_EIS[df_EIS[df_EIS.columns[1]]==i][df_EIS.columns[4]][:])        #temp = temp/max_scale        cycle.append(i)        cap.append(temp)        eis.append(np.concatenate((temp_EIS_Re, temp_EIS_Im), axis=0))
    dataframes_Cap.append(cap)    dataframes_EIS.append(eis)

#将45数据读入for i in range(1, 3):    # 构建文件名    file_name_cap= f"Capacity_data/Data_Capacity_45C{i:02}.txt"    file_name_EIS = f"EIS_data/EIS_state_V_45C{i:02}.txt"  # 使用状态V            if not os.path.isfile(file_name_cap):        print(f"Cap文件 {file_name_cap} 不存在，跳过...")        continue    elif not os.path.isfile(file_name_EIS):        print(f"EIS文件 {file_name_EIS} 不存在，跳过...")        continue
    # 读取文件并添加到列表    df_cap = pd.read_csv(file_name_cap, sep="\t")    df_EIS = pd.read_csv(file_name_EIS, sep="\t")    #print(df_cap.columns)    cap_number = 3        cycle = []    cap = []    eis = []    cycle_max = df_cap[df_cap.columns[1]].max()    cycle_max2 = df_EIS[df_EIS.columns[1]].max()    cycle_number = min(cycle_max,cycle_max2)            #max_scale = df_cap[df_cap[df_cap.columns[1]]==1][df_cap.columns[cap_number]][-1:].max()    for i in range(1,int(cycle_number)+1):        temp = df_cap[df_cap[df_cap.columns[1]]==i][df_cap.columns[cap_number]][-1:].max()        temp_EIS_Re = np.array(df_EIS[df_EIS[df_EIS.columns[1]]==i][df_EIS.columns[3]][:])        temp_EIS_Im = np.array(df_EIS[df_EIS[df_EIS.columns[1]]==i][df_EIS.columns[4]][:])        #temp = temp/max_scale        cycle.append(i)        cap.append(temp)        eis.append(np.concatenate((temp_EIS_Re, temp_EIS_Im), axis=0))    dataframes_Cap.append(cap)    dataframes_EIS.append(eis)

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X = []y = []for i in range(0,len(dataframes_Cap)):    for j in range(len(dataframes_Cap[i])):        X.append(dataframes_EIS[i][j])        y.append(dataframes_Cap[i][j])X = np.array(X)y = np.array(y)print(X.shape,y.shape)

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# 将EIS的每个实部和每个虚部分别各自归一化remax = []immax = []data={}from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScalerscaler = MinMaxScaler()y = y.reshape(-1,1)# 对标签也进行归一化y = scaler.fit_transform(y)# 将每份电池单独制作，便于交叉训练和验证, start = 0for i in range(len(dataframes_Cap)):    feature_name = f'EIS{i+1:02}'    target_name = f'Cap{i+1:02}'    n = len(dataframes_Cap[i])    X_r = X[start:start+n,:60].copy()#将实部整体进行归一化    X_r_flat = X_r.flatten()    #取第一个EIS的最大最小值进行归一    X_r_min = X_r_flat[:60].min()        X_r_max = X_r_flat[:60].max()    remax.append(X_r_flat[:].max()/X_r_max)    normalized_Xr_flat = ((X_r_flat.reshape(-1, 1))-X_r_min)/(X_r_max-X_r_min)    normalized_Xr_data = normalized_Xr_flat.reshape(X[start:start+n,:60].shape)    #将虚部进行归一化    X_i = X[start:start+n,60:]    X_i_flat = X_i.flatten()    X_i_min = X_i_flat[:60].min()    X_i_max = X_i_flat[:60].max()
    immax.append(X_i_flat[:].max()/X_i_max)    normalized_Xi_flat = ((X_i_flat.reshape(-1, 1))-X_i_min)/(X_i_max-X_i_min)    normalized_Xi_data = normalized_Xi_flat.reshape(X[start:start+n,60:].shape)    data[feature_name] = np.concatenate((normalized_Xr_data, normalized_Xi_data), axis=1)    data[feature_name] = data[feature_name].reshape(-1,2, 60)#将数据形式转换为（batch，60，2），实部和虚部作为一个整体特征    data[feature_name] = data[feature_name].transpose(0, 2, 1)    data[target_name] = y[start:start+n].reshape(-1,1)    start += n​​​​​​​

if Debug:    # 检查数据效果    for i in range(15,20):        x_plot = data["EIS01"][i][:60]        y_plot = data["EIS01"][i][60:]        plt.plot(x_plot, y_plot)    plt.show()

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if Debug:    # 检查数据效果    for i in range(15,20):        x_plot = data["Cap02"][:]        plt.plot(x_plot)    plt.show()​​​​​​

start = 0for i in range(1,11):    if i == 1:        trainning_data = data[f"EIS{i:02}"][start:].copy()        trainning_target = data[f"Cap{i:02}"][start:].copy()    #剔除测试集    elif i!=4 and i!= 8 and i!= 10:    #else:        trainning_data = np.vstack((trainning_data,data[f"EIS{i:02}"][start:]))        trainning_target = np.vstack((trainning_target,data[f"Cap{i:02}"][start:]))

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trainning_data = torch.tensor(trainning_data, dtype=torch.float32)trainning_target = torch.tensor(trainning_target, dtype=torch.float32)

开始训练

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# 初始化模型、损失函数和优化器input_size = 2 # 特征数量hidden_size = 128num_layers = 5output_size = 1conv_input = 60batch_size = 128epochs = 1500n_splits = 5

from sklearn.model_selection import KFold

import gcdef gc_collect():    gc.collect()    torch.cuda.empty_cache()gc_collect()​​​​​​​

kf = KFold(n_splits=n_splits, shuffle=True)
model_number = 0for train_idx, val_idx in kf.split(trainning_data):      train_X, val_X = trainning_data[train_idx], trainning_data[val_idx]      train_y, val_y = trainning_target[train_idx], trainning_target[val_idx]      train_dataset = TensorDataset(train_X, train_y)      val_dataset = TensorDataset(val_X, val_y)      train_loader = DataLoader(train_dataset, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True)      val_loader = DataLoader(val_dataset, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=False)      model = LSTMModel(conv_input, input_size, hidden_size, num_layers, output_size)     model = model.to(device)    criterion = nn.MSELoss()       optimizer = optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=0.0001,betas=(0.5,0.999))           for epoch in range(epochs):        model.train()         for i, (inputs, labels) in enumerate(train_loader):              inputs = inputs.to(device)            labels = labels.to(device)            optimizer.zero_grad()              outputs = model(inputs)              loss = criterion(outputs, labels)              loss.backward()              optimizer.step()          model.eval()        with torch.no_grad():            for inputs, labels in val_loader:                inputs = inputs.to(device)                labels = labels.to(device)                outputs = model(inputs)                  val_loss = criterion(outputs, labels)            if epoch%100 ==0:            print(f'Epoch [{epoch+1}/{epochs}], Loss: {loss.item()}, Validation Loss: {val_loss.item()}')     torch.save(model.state_dict(), f"model_weights/CNNBiLSTM/test{model_number}.pth")    model_number += 1

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from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_errorfrom sklearn.metrics import r2_scoreimport math

# 创建画布  fig, axs = plt.subplots(nrows=3, ncols=4, figsize=(15, 8))  ID = 1title_name = 1start = 0mean_RMSE_train = 0mean_RMSE_test = 0mean_R2_train = 0mean_R2_test = 0model = LSTMModel(conv_input, input_size, hidden_size, num_layers, output_size) model = model.to(device)
# 在每个小区域中绘制图像  for i in range(3):      for j in range(4):        result = []        x = torch.tensor(data[f"EIS{ID:02}"], dtype=torch.float32)        for k in range(n_splits):            model.load_state_dict(torch.load(f"model_weights/CNNBiLSTM/test{k}.pth",                                              map_location=torch.device(device)))            out = model(x.to(device))            out = out.cpu()            out = out.detach().numpy()            out = scaler.inverse_transform(out)            result.append(out)        result = np.array(result)        out = np.mean(result, axis=0)        out_upper = np.max(result, axis=0)        out_upper = np.squeeze(out_upper)        out_lower = np.min(result, axis=0)        out_lower = np.squeeze(out_lower)        true = data[f"Cap{ID:02}"]        true = scaler.inverse_transform(true)        MSE = mean_squared_error(out[start:], true[start:])         R2_result = r2_score(true[start:], out[start:])         RMSE_result = math.sqrt(MSE)        mean_RMSE_train += RMSE_result        mean_R2_train += R2_result        RMSE_str = "{:.4f}".format(RMSE_result)        R2_str = "{:.4f}".format(R2_result)        x = np.linspace(0,x.shape[0],x.shape[0])        axs[i, j].plot(x[start:], true[start:])        axs[i, j].plot(x[start:], out[start:])        axs[i, j].fill_between(x[start:], out_upper[start:], out_lower[start:], color='orange', alpha=0.5)        axs[i, j].set_title(f"25Cap{title_name:02}")        axs[i, j].text(0.95, 0.95, "RMSE: "+ RMSE_str, ha='right', va='top', fontsize=12, transform=axs[i, j].transAxes)        axs[i, j].text(0.95, 0.85, "R2: "+ R2_str, ha='right', va='top', fontsize=12, transform=axs[i, j].transAxes)         # 使用循环将数组中的每个元素写入文件        with open(f"data/Nature_Cap_train{title_name:02}", 'w') as file:            for item in range(out[start:].shape[0]):                out_number = round(float(out[start:][item].flatten()), 4)                #file.write(str(out_number) + '\t'+str(out_upper[start:][item])+ '\t'+str(out_lower[start:][item])+ '\n')                file.write(str(out_number)+'\n')        # 关闭文件        file.close()        ID += 1        title_name += 1        if ID == 11:            break


# 调整子图之间的距离  plt.tight_layout()plt.savefig('figure_results/cap_alltempalldata_test_5_10_12.png')print("train RMSE: ", mean_RMSE_train/8)print("train R2: ", mean_R2_train/8)  # 显示图像  plt.show()

RUL预测结果：

Trends预测结果

担任《Mechanical System and Signal Processing》《中国电机工程学报》《控制与决策》等期刊审稿专家，擅长领域：现代信号处理，机器学习，深度学习，数字孪生，时间序列分析，设备缺陷检测、设备异常检测、设备智能故障诊断与健康管理PHM等。