一、总览
HAL层里的库函数和大家熟悉的stm32lib基本上是一致的。一般来说一个cpu外设的操作函数分成两部分,分别是init和operation。
来看一个cube里的例子:
static GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStruct;
int main(void)
{
/* This sample code shows how to use GPIO HAL API to toggle LED2 IO
in an infinite loop. */
/* STM32F103xB HAL library initialization:
- Configure the Flash prefetch
- Systick timer is configured by default as source of time base, but user
can eventually implement his proper time base source (a general purpose
timer for example or other time source), keeping in mind that Time base
duration should be kept 1ms since PPP_TIMEOUT_VALUEs are defined and
handled in milliseconds basis.
- Set NVIC Group Priority to 4
- Low Level Initialization
*/
HAL_Init();
/* Configure the system clock to 64 MHz */
SystemClock_Config();
/* -1- Enable GPIO Clock (to be able to program the configuration registers) */
LED2_GPIO_CLK_ENABLE();
/* -2- Configure IO in output push-pull mode to drive external LEDs */
GPIO_InitStruct.Mode = GPIO_MODE_OUTPUT_PP;
GPIO_InitStruct.Pull = GPIO_PULLUP;
GPIO_InitStruct.Speed = GPIO_SPEED_HIGH;
GPIO_InitStruct.Pin = LED2_PIN;
HAL_GPIO_Init(LED2_GPIO_PORT, &GPIO_InitStruct);
/* -3- Toggle IO in an infinite loop */
while (1)
{
HAL_GPIO_TogglePin(LED2_GPIO_PORT, LED2_PIN);
/* Insert delay 100 ms */
HAL_Delay(100);
}
}
注释里的内容说明了之前一篇文章里的提到的HAL_INIT()函数的作用。
在使用GPIO前要先初始化GPIO的时钟,因为许多外设都被设计成时序逻辑电路,所以必须要为外设提供时钟源,否则外设的电路状态就不会改变。
GPIO时钟源设定后,通过GPIO_initTypeDef结构体,初始化指定Pin脚的模式、速度、初始输出。
最后调用 HAL_GPIO_TogglePin()和HAL_Delay()将GPIO定时取反以达到使驱动的led闪烁的效果。
二、GPIO的初始化
GPIO_InitTypeDef结构体用于对一个或者一组GPIO来进行初始化,它的四个成员分别是,Pin、Mode、Pull、Speed。
GPIO_InitTypeDef原型:
/**
* @brief GPIO Init structure definition
*/
typedef struct
{
uint32_t Pin; /*!< Specifies the GPIO pins to be configured.
This parameter can be any value of @ref GPIO_pins_define */
uint32_t Mode; /*!< Specifies the operating mode for the selected pins.
This parameter can be a value of @ref GPIO_mode_define */
uint32_t Pull; /*!< Specifies the Pull-up or Pull-Down activation for the selected pins.
This parameter can be a value of @ref GPIO_pull_define */
uint32_t Speed; /*!< Specifies the speed for the selected pins.
This parameter can be a value of @ref GPIO_speed_define */
}GPIO_InitTypeDef;
Pin
#define GPIO_PIN_0 ((uint16_t)0x0001) /* Pin 0 selected */
#define GPIO_PIN_1 ((uint16_t)0x0002) /* Pin 1 selected */
#define GPIO_PIN_2 ((uint16_t)0x0004) /* Pin 2 selected */
#define GPIO_PIN_3 ((uint16_t)0x0008) /* Pin 3 selected */
#define GPIO_PIN_4 ((uint16_t)0x0010) /* Pin 4 selected */
#define GPIO_PIN_5 ((uint16_t)0x0020) /* Pin 5 selected */
#define GPIO_PIN_6 ((uint16_t)0x0040) /* Pin 6 selected */
#define GPIO_PIN_7 ((uint16_t)0x0080) /* Pin 7 selected */
#define GPIO_PIN_8 ((uint16_t)0x0100) /* Pin 8 selected */
#define GPIO_PIN_9 ((uint16_t)0x0200) /* Pin 9 selected */
#define GPIO_PIN_10 ((uint16_t)0x0400) /* Pin 10 selected */
#define GPIO_PIN_11 ((uint16_t)0x0800) /* Pin 11 selected */
#define GPIO_PIN_12 ((uint16_t)0x1000) /* Pin 12 selected */
#define GPIO_PIN_13 ((uint16_t)0x2000) /* Pin 13 selected */
#define GPIO_PIN_14 ((uint16_t)0x4000) /* Pin 14 selected */
#define GPIO_PIN_15 ((uint16_t)0x8000) /* Pin 15 selected */
#define GPIO_PIN_All ((uint16_t)0xFFFF) /* All pins selected */
选择多个Pin的时候,可以用位选的宏定义相或得到。
Mode
#define GPIO_MODE_INPUT ((uint32_t)0x00000000) /*!< Input Floating Mode */
#define GPIO_MODE_OUTPUT_PP ((uint32_t)0x00000001) /*!< Output Push Pull Mode */
#define GPIO_MODE_OUTPUT_OD ((uint32_t)0x00000011) /*!< Output Open Drain Mode */
#define GPIO_MODE_AF_PP ((uint32_t)0x00000002) /*!< Alternate Function Push Pull Mode */
#define GPIO_MODE_AF_OD ((uint32_t)0x00000012) /*!< Alternate Function Open Drain Mode */
#define GPIO_MODE_AF_INPUT GPIO_MODE_INPUT /*!< Alternate Function Input Mode */
#define GPIO_MODE_ANALOG ((uint32_t)0x00000003) /*!< Analog Mode */
#define GPIO_MODE_IT_RISING ((uint32_t)0x10110000) /*!< External Interrupt Mode with Rising edge trigger detection */
#define GPIO_MODE_IT_FALLING ((uint32_t)0x10210000) /*!< External Interrupt Mode with Falling edge trigger detection */
#define GPIO_MODE_IT_RISING_FALLING ((uint32_t)0x10310000) /*!< External Interrupt Mode with Rising/Falling edge trigger detection */
#define GPIO_MODE_EVT_RISING ((uint32_t)0x10120000) /*!< External Event Mode with Rising edge trigger detection */
#define GPIO_MODE_EVT_FALLING ((uint32_t)0x10220000) /*!< External Event Mode with Falling edge trigger detection */
#define GPIO_MODE_EVT_RISING_FALLING ((uint32_t)0x10320000) /*!< External Event Mode with Rising/Falling edge trigger detection */
GPIO的模式理解起来有点复杂。
GPIO可以被用作中断源(GPIO_MODE_IT)和事件源(GPIO_MODE_EVT),这以后再叙述。
GPIO也可以用来接收模拟量(GPIO_MODE_ANALOG)。
如果GPIO原本是一个复用I/O,比如可以被作为串口模块使用,要用GPIO_MODE_AF_x来设置。
GPIO可以被设置成输入或者输出。
当被设置成输出时,有open-drain和push-pull两者模式。我觉得理解这两种模式对于像我一样的模电知识较薄弱的人来说有点困难。而且此类知识的理解需要做实验来辅助,在没有实验环境的情况下,还要学习电路仿真软件的使用,学习成本较高,就不做叙述,直接说结论了:
push-pull模式,速度快,但功耗大。
open-drain模式,功耗低,同时有线与功能。如果此模式芯片内部没有上拉电路,需要外接上拉电阻。
Pull
#define GPIO_NOPULL ((uint32_t)0x00000000) /*!< No Pull-up or Pull-down activation */
#define GPIO_PULLUP ((uint32_t)0x00000001) /*!< Pull-up activation */
#define GPIO_PULLDOWN