概率图模型 python_概率图模型之:贝叶斯网络

本文介绍了概率图模型中的贝叶斯网络,包括贝叶斯定理的概念和贝叶斯网络的结构。重点讲解了如何利用Python中的pgmpy库构建一个Student模型,展示了模型的条件概率分布及其验证过程。
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1、贝叶斯定理

P(A∣B)=P(A)P(B∣A)P(B)

P(A|B)是已知B发生后A的条件概率,也由于得自B的取值而被称作A的后验概率。

P(B|A)是已知A发生后B的条件概率,也由于得自A的取值而被称作B的后验概率。

P(A)是A的先验概率或边缘概率。之所以称为”先验”是因为它不考虑任何B方面的因素。

P(B)是B的先验概率或边缘概率。

贝叶斯定理可表述为:后验概率 = (相似度 * 先验概率) / 标准化常量

也就是说,后验概率与先验概率和相似度的乘积成正比。

比例P(B|A)/P(B)也有时被称作标准相似度,贝叶斯定理可表述为:后验概率 = 标准相似度 * 先验概率

假设{Ai}是事件集合里的部分集合,对于任意的Ai,贝叶斯定理可用下式表示:

2、贝叶斯网络

贝叶斯网络,由一个有向无环图(DAG)和条件概率表(CPT)组成。

贝叶斯网络通过一个有向无环图来表示一组随机变量跟它们的条件依赖关系。它通过条件概率分布来参数化。每一个结点都通过P(node|Pa(node))来参数化,Pa(node)表示网络中的父节点。

如图是一个简单的贝叶斯网络,其对应的全概率公式为:

P(a,b,c)=P(c∣a,b)P(b∣a)P(a)

较复杂的贝叶斯网络,其对应的全概率公式为:

P(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7)=P(x1)P(x2)P(x3)P(x4∣x1,x2,x3)P(x5∣x

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python写的一段贝叶斯网络的程序 This file describes a Bayes Net Toolkit that we will refer to now as BNT. This version is 0.1. Let's consider this code an "alpha" version that contains some useful functionality, but is not complete, and is not a ready-to-use "application". The purpose of the toolkit is to facilitate creating experimental Bayes nets that analyze sequences of events. The toolkit provides code to help with the following: (a) creating Bayes nets. There are three classes of nodes defined, and to construct a Bayes net, you can write code that calls the constructors of these classes, and then you can create links among them. (b) displaying Bayes nets. There is code to create new windows and to draw Bayes nets in them. This includes drawing the nodes, the arcs, the labels, and various properties of nodes. (c) propagating a-posteriori probabilities. When one node's probability changes, the posterior probabilities of nodes downstream from it may need to change, too, depending on firing thresholds, etc. There is code in the toolkit to support that. (d) simulating events ("playing" event sequences) and having the Bayes net respond to them. This functionality is split over several files. Here are the files and the functionality that they represent. BayesNetNode.py: class definition for the basic node in a Bayes net. BayesUpdating.py: computing the a-posteriori probability of a node given the probabilities of its parents. InputNode.py: class definition for "input nodes". InputNode is a subclass of BayesNetNode. Input nodes have special features that allow them to recognize evidence items (using regular-expression pattern matching of the string descriptions of events). OutputNode.py: class definition for "output nodes". OutputBode is a subclass of BayesNetNode. An output node can have a list of actions to be performed when the node's posterior probability exceeds a threshold ReadWriteSigmaFiles.py: Functionality for loading and saving Bayes nets in an XML format. SampleNets.py: Some code that constructs a sample Bayes net. This is called when SIGMAEditor.py is started up. SIGMAEditor.py: A main program that can be turned into an experimental application by adding menus, more code, etc. It has some facilities already for loading event sequence files and playing them. sample-event-file.txt: A sequence of events that exemplifies the format for these events. gma-mona.igm: A sample Bayes net in the form of an XML file. The SIGMAEditor program can read this type of file. Here are some limitations of the toolkit as of 23 February 2009: 1. Users cannot yet edit Bayes nets directly in the SIGMAEditor. Code has to be written to create new Bayes nets, at this time. 2. If you select the File menu's option to load a new Bayes net file, you get a fixed example: gma-mona.igm. This should be changed in the future to bring up a file dialog box so that the user can select the file. 3. When you "run" an event sequence in the SIGMAEditor, the program will present each event to each input node and find out if the input node's filter matches the evidence. If it does match, that fact is printed to standard output, but nothing else is done. What should then happen is that the node's probability is updated according to its response method, and if the new probability exceeds the node's threshold, then its successor ("children") get their probabilities updated, too. 4. No animation of the Bayes net is performed when an event sequence is run. Ideally, the diagram would be updated dynamically to show the activity, especially when posterior probabilities of nodes change and thresholds are exceeded. To use the BNT, do three kinds of development: A. create your own Bayes net whose input nodes correspond to pieces of evidence that might be presented and that might be relevant to drawing inferences about what's going on in the situation or process that you are analyzing. You do this by writing Python code that calls constructors etc. See the example in SampleNets.py. B. create a sample event stream that represents a plausible sequence of events that your system should be able to analyze. Put this in a file in the same format as used in sample-event-sequence.txt. C. modify the code of BNT or add new modules as necessary to obtain the functionality you want in your system. This could include code to perform actions whenever an output node's threshold is exceeded. It could include code to generate events (rather than read them from a file). And it could include code to describe more clearly what is going on whenever a node's probability is updated (e.g., what the significance of the update is -- more certainty about something, an indication that the weight of evidence is becoming strong, etc.)
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