![58321bcfa031d982817a9fb67fd88a19.png](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/f5ba2428ffdc72bd85645dbf4b3b1092.jpeg)
目录
- 目录
- 1. 背景
- 2. 导数与微分的概念
- 2.1. 导数与微分的概念
- 2.2. 连续、可导、可微之间的关系
- 2.3. 导数的几何意义
- 2.4. 相关变化率
- 3. 导数公式及求导法则
- 3.1. 基本初等函数的导数公式
- 3.2. 求导法则
- 4. 高阶导数
- 4.1. 高阶导数的定义
- 4.2. 常用的高阶导数公式
- 4.3. 求高阶导数的方法
- 5. 总结
1. 背景
前段时间复习完了高数第二章的内容,我参考《复习全书·基础篇》和老师讲课的内容对这一章的知识点进行了整理,形成了这篇笔记,方便在移动设备上进行访问和后续的补充修改。
2. 导数与微分的概念
2.1. 导数与微分的概念
- 导数
- 概念:函数在某一点的变化率
- 微分
- 概念:函数值在某一点的改变量的近似值
2.2. 连续、可导、可微之间的关系
- 连续与可导
- 连续不一定可导
- 可导必定连续
- 连续与可微
- 连续不一定可微
- 可微必定连续
- 可导与可微(在一元函数中)
- 可微必定可导
- 可导必定可微
- 可导是可微的
充分必要
条件
注
:在多元函数中,可导(偏导)不一定可微,可导(偏导)也不一定连续
- 证明可导必可微
根据可导定义,令
![equation?tex=%5Clim%5Climits_+%7B%5CDelta+x+%5Cto+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5CDelta+y%7D%7B%5CDelta+x%7D+%3D+A+%5C%5C](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/34cd94764598257e3de8f807230b92e4.png)
则有
![equation?tex=%5Clim%5Climits_+%7B%5CDelta+x+%5Cto+0%7D%5Cfrac%7B%5CDelta+y+-+A%5CDelta+x%7D%7B%5CDelta+x%7D+%3D+0+%5C%5C](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/800e7ab62a4ff53d0b7654ac796a6d03.png)
即有
![equation?tex=%5CDelta+y+-+A%5CDelta+x+%3D+o%28%5CDelta+x%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/5d721ab62c8ab912cad347f7f4e13c4c.png)
![equation?tex=%5CDelta+y+%3D+A%5CDelta+%2B+o%28%5CDelta+x%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/b8d0103a9a92cb1ecef097ab025ea1ba.png)
![equation?tex=A](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a86f8657535c007558ea628b4b5b9c7a.png)
- 证明可微必可导
根据可微定义
![equation?tex=%5CDelta+y+%3D+A%5CDelta+x+%2B+o%28%5CDelta+x%29+%5C%5C](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/57ed2eeb6b82d7fe489ace9156cf9b6f.png)
则
![equation?tex=f%27%28x_0%29+%3D+%5Clim%5Climits_%7B%5CDelta+x+%5Cto+0%7D%5Cfrac%7BA+%5CDelta+x+%2B+o%28%5CDelta+x%29%7D%7B%5CDelta+x%7D+%3D+A+%5C%5C](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/308ff58ad62a922ff4a2531c47d887cc.png)
导数存在,故满足可导的定义,因此可微必可导,且
![equation?tex=f%27%28x%29+%3D+A](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/637145f49c4129c8486a9a8225c76721.png)
- 常见错误
-
在某邻域可导
不能
推出在
点连续
不能
推出存在
- 题型:第一章例
,考察洛必达法则的使用条件
-
2.3. 导数的几何意义
导数
![equation?tex=f%27%28x_0%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9927a8f39ec93451fb31e2b59f852844.png)
![equation?tex=y+%3D+f%28x%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/39520e2a6f64f669e905d6d5a9ded755.png)
![equation?tex=%28x_0%2C+f%28x_0%29%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/f055e779241586d77b3ae64d99dad49b.png)
注
:法线的斜率是切线斜率的负倒数。
2.4. 相关变化率
- 定义
设
![equation?tex=x+%3D+x%28t%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/bb212895d41c79adac1ab3f79684350a.png)
![equation?tex=y+%3D+y%28t%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/57c9b4b63a861f99f4fb6299e65288da.png)
![equation?tex=x](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/79271a73b75b1b2971964504afad8a27.png)
![equation?tex=y](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/56151f71c4866c0e204ce3d096379823.png)
![equation?tex=%5Cdfrac%7Bdx%7D%7Bdt%7D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/0117adfbf308654aee31f7597ed90620.png)
![equation?tex=%5Cdfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdt%7D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/be0db12592f65ea28a32b40b35058d53.png)
相关变化率
- 例题(第二章例
)
已知动点
![equation?tex=P](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/09ba810f95dafe21c8d1dc14b8b4b3c8.png)
![equation?tex=y+%3D+x%5E3](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/56151f71c4866c0e204ce3d096379823.png+%3D+x%5E3)
![equation?tex=P](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/09ba810f95dafe21c8d1dc14b8b4b3c8.png)
![equation?tex=l](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/f32f9aac32d40c08bf41372d319a306a.png)
![equation?tex=P](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/09ba810f95dafe21c8d1dc14b8b4b3c8.png)
![equation?tex=v_0](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/467156337b9fa97a1643b1466044e05d.png)
![equation?tex=P](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/09ba810f95dafe21c8d1dc14b8b4b3c8.png)
![equation?tex=%281%2C+1%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/3dfff5b9260dc23abb12b4394d48a40e.png)
![equation?tex=l](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/f32f9aac32d40c08bf41372d319a306a.png)
解:
已知
![equation?tex=%5Cdfrac%7Bdx%7D%7Bdv%7D+%3D+v_0](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/7ace52fc5aeac97389be6af53d8b1fc4.png)
![equation?tex=l+%3D+%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E2+%2B+x%5E6%7D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/f32f9aac32d40c08bf41372d319a306a.png+%3D+%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E2+%2B+x%5E6%7D)
![equation?tex=%5Cfrac%7Bdl%7D%7Bdt%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7Bdl%7D%7Bdx%7D+%5Ccdot+%5Cfrac%7Bdx%7D%7Bdt%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B2x+%2B+6x%5E5%7D%7B2%5Csqrt%7Bx%5E2+%2B+x%5E6%7D%7D+%5Ccdot+v_0+%5C%5C](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/367c9bf73a1f50b440f4224bb3036d52.png)
带入数值
![equation?tex=x+%3D+1](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/79271a73b75b1b2971964504afad8a27.png+%3D+1)
![equation?tex=%5Cfrac%7Bdl%7D%7Bdt%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1+%2B+3%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7B2%7D%7Dv_0+%3D+2%5Csqrt%7B2%7D+v_0+%5C%5C](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/e186389f80acfa3a52b6eed24502049f.png)
3. 导数公式及求导法则
3.1. 基本初等函数的导数公式
![equation?tex=%28C%29%27+%3D+0+%5Ctag%7B2.1%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/77d20b807b0bf2383dd0b245cc1ac5ca.png)
![equation?tex=%28x%5Ea%29%27+%3D+ax%5E%7Ba-1%7D+%5Ctag%7B2.2%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8a8416d1780260eb52b001d41abe2f71.png)
![equation?tex=%28a%5Ex%29%27+%3D+a%5Ex%5Cln%28a%29+%5Ctag%7B2.3%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/3320278ece91416bc20ed4a656970cef.png)
![equation?tex=%28e%5Ex%29%27+%3D+e%5Ex+%5Ctag%7B2.4%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/7b910ce36472563aef484e35131d1b9e.png)
![equation?tex=%28%5Clog_a%5Ex%29%27+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%5Cln%28a%29%7D+%5Ctag%7B2.5%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/7463f46a18c0e0c3f4ab3282d1eba74a.png)
![equation?tex=%28%5Cln+%5Cmid+x+%5Cmid+%29%27+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bx%7D+%5Ctag%7B2.6%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/734a1257f16e12ad31d874584fcbb277.png)
![equation?tex=%28%5Csin+x%29%27+%3D+%5Ccos%28x%29+%5Ctag%7B2.7%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9900e6b7472c94853b93d5e01cc4fb09.png)
![equation?tex=%28%5Ccos+x%29%27+%3D+-%5Csin%28x%29+%5Ctag%7B2.8%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6ca81b54d0928da29e7027654c25882e.png)
![equation?tex=%28%5Ctan+x+%29%27+%3D+%5Csec%5E2%28x%29+%5Ctag%7B2.9%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/507d74567cbaf70e6f3d14e94090167f.png)
![equation?tex=%28%5Ccot+x%29%27+%3D+-+%5Ccsc%5E2%28x%29+%5Ctag%7B2.10%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/364086e113f6d7c802670671ef65d5b3.png)
![equation?tex=%28%5Csec+x%29%27+%3D+%5Csec+%28x%29+%5Ctan+%28x%29+%5Ctag%7B2.11%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/1d7c282bd96e509cad0d62cb95839e12.png)
![equation?tex=%28%5Ccsc+x%29%27+%3D+%5Ccsc%5E2%28x%29+%5Ccot+%28x%29+%5Ctag%7B2.12%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/e651d35dfb750035647bb0d0a40954cc.png)
![equation?tex=%28%5Carcsin+x%29%27+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7B1+-+x%5E2%7D%7D+%5Ctag%7B2.13%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/ac526e25c7b3d30122af264904da1cac.png)
![equation?tex=%28%5Carccos+x%29%27+%3D+-+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7B1+-+x%5E2%7D%7D+%5Ctag%7B2.14%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/907acffae54375731af940dff1c10b2f.png)
![equation?tex=%28%5Carctan+x%29%27+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B1+%2B+x%5E2%7D+%5Ctag%7B2.15%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/765911b0508075c6066bd7fbd5676c65.png)
![equation?tex=%28arccot+x%29%27+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7B1+-+x%5E2%7D%7D+%5Ctag%7B2.16%7D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/ef5f75e433a3414b8181994caab93754.png)
注
:
![equation?tex=%5Csec%28x%29+%3D+%5Cdfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Ccos%28x%29%7D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c4158c18822f327b0df3b756829958f2.png)
![equation?tex=%5Ccsc%28x%29+%3D+%5Cdfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Csin%28x%29%7D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/8ecf6eb17001cae849c2598082a46a98.png)
3.2. 求导法则
3.2.1. 有理运算法则
设
![equation?tex=u+%3D+u%28x%29%2C+v+%3D+v%28x%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/ce871626d42867abbcccc56ae3a7d787.png)
![equation?tex=x](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/79271a73b75b1b2971964504afad8a27.png)
![equation?tex=%28u+%5Cpm+v%29%27+%3D+u%27+%5Cpm+v%27+%5Ctag%7B2.17%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/e41179e6f87e132256af5edf09353e2a.png)
![equation?tex=%28uv%29%27+%3D+u%27v+%2B+uv%27+%5Ctag%7B2.18%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/7ec700d8ac6fb7db03906d0a8d461505.png)
![equation?tex=%28%5Cdfrac%7Bu%7D%7Bv%7D%29%27+%3D+%5Cdfrac%7Bu%27v+-+uv%27%7D%7Bv%5E2%7D+%5Ctag%7B2.19%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/b78c7bcc347ad9fbeb408c2a6ea31f25.png)
3.2.2. 复合函数求导法
设
![equation?tex=u+%3D+%5Cvarphi%28x%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/e3f291603a0319c0c68f600274724957.png)
![equation?tex=x](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/79271a73b75b1b2971964504afad8a27.png)
![equation?tex=y+%3D+f%28u%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/56151f71c4866c0e204ce3d096379823.png+%3D+f%28u%29)
![equation?tex=y+%3D+f%5B%5Cvarphi%28x%29%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/56151f71c4866c0e204ce3d096379823.png+%3D+f%5B%5Cvarphi%28x%29%5D)
![equation?tex=x](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/79271a73b75b1b2971964504afad8a27.png)
![equation?tex=%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdu%7D+%5Ccdot+%5Cfrac%7Bdu%7D%7Bdx%7D+%3D+f%27%28u%29%5Cvarphi%27%28x%29+%5Ctag%7B2.20%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a2f9d77371c09788313baf1a088d44aa.png)
- 推论
一个可导的奇(偶)函数,求一次导,其奇偶性发生一次变化
- 证明推论
- 若
为
奇函数
。
![equation?tex=f%28x%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d9c9c3688701745e51fa4a203b331891.png)
![equation?tex=f%28-x%29+%3D+-f%28x%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/872656cfd4c70b2aa7016c117a03a309.png)
![equation?tex=f%27%28-x%29+%3D+-f%27%28x%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6a8b63f56e420c0dfc165a8d03167375.png)
![equation?tex=%5Bf%28-x%29%5D%27+%3D+-%5B-f%28x%29%5D%27+%3D+%5Bf%28x%29%5D%27+%5C%5C](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/88561720e197ff551f317ef1ff374373.png)
即
![equation?tex=f%27%28x%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c1f1a5ebcfd30dbe1e28f83d47c4e2cf.png)
- 若
为
偶函数
。
![equation?tex=f%28x%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d9c9c3688701745e51fa4a203b331891.png)
![equation?tex=f%28-x%29+%3D+f%28x%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/07f85ab3f8390659d42d072d710b2abc.png)
![equation?tex=f%27%28-x%29+%3D+-f%27%28x%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6a8b63f56e420c0dfc165a8d03167375.png)
![equation?tex=%5Bf%28-x%29%5D%27+%3D+-%5Bf%28x%29%5D%27+%5C%5C](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a22e40fa83b91fd246a74bb5d9f2c9ab.png)
即
![equation?tex=f%27%28x%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c1f1a5ebcfd30dbe1e28f83d47c4e2cf.png)
3.2.3. 隐函数求导法
设
![equation?tex=y+%3D+y%28x%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/56151f71c4866c0e204ce3d096379823.png+%3D+y%28x%29)
![equation?tex=F%28x%2C+y%29+%3D+x](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/993045ab3e023edb713ebec62f8ef30a.png)
![equation?tex=y%27](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/56151f71c4866c0e204ce3d096379823.png%27)
![equation?tex=F%28x%2C+y%29+%3D+0](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/45004bb41ee5ab5654abef6d8335360b.png)
![equation?tex=x](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/79271a73b75b1b2971964504afad8a27.png)
![equation?tex=y%27](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/56151f71c4866c0e204ce3d096379823.png%27)
![equation?tex=y%27](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/56151f71c4866c0e204ce3d096379823.png%27)
注
:
![equation?tex=y%27](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/56151f71c4866c0e204ce3d096379823.png%27)
![equation?tex=%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D+%3D+-+%5Cfrac%7BF%27_x%7D%7BF%27_y%7D+%5Ctag%7B2.21%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/5c54b76b2b37438f1288d65c4affde68.png)
3.2.4. 反函数的导数
若
![equation?tex=y+%3D+f%28x%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/39520e2a6f64f669e905d6d5a9ded755.png)
![equation?tex=f%27%28x%29+%5Cne+0](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c1f1a5ebcfd30dbe1e28f83d47c4e2cf.png+%5Cne+0)
![equation?tex=x+%3D+%5Cvarphi+%28x%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/79271a73b75b1b2971964504afad8a27.png+%3D+%5Cvarphi+%28x%29)
![equation?tex=%5Cvarphi+%28y%29+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bf%27%28x%29%7D+%5Ctag%7B2.22%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/663fb735698b26dd18c8eebe5e633053.png)
即
![equation?tex=%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D+%3D%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cdfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D%7D+%5C%5C](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c68ae12c51c0aec67319696471afa404.png)
3.2.5. 参数方程求导法
设
![equation?tex=y+%3D+y%28x%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/56151f71c4866c0e204ce3d096379823.png+%3D+y%28x%29)
![equation?tex=%7B%5Cleft%5C%7B+%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D+%26x+%3D+%5Cvarphi+%28x%29%5C%5C+%26y+%3D+%5Cpsi+%28x%29%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%5Cright.+%7D%2C+%28%5Calpha+%3C+t+%3C+%5Cbeta%29+%5C%5C](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/45e1a91e1ac7a3ac3e8a3352a677a0e2.png)
确定的函数,则
- 若
和
都可导,且
,则
![equation?tex=%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpsi%28x%29%7D%7B%5Cvarphi%28x%29%7D+%5Ctag%7B2.23%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/91ff26f706e11fc94bf4bf485830df77.png)
- 若
和
都二阶可导,且
,则
![equation?tex=%5Cfrac%7Bd%5E2+y%7D%7Bd%5E2+x%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7Bd%7D%7Bdt%7D%28%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D%29+%5Ccdot+%5Cfrac%7Bdt%7D%7Bdx%7D%3D+%5Cfrac%7Bd%7D%7Bdt%7D%28%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpsi+%27%28t%29%7D%7B%5Cvarphi+%27%28t%29%7D%29+%5Ccdot+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B%5Cvarphi+%27%28x%29%7D+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpsi+%27%27%28t%29%5Cvarphi+%27%28x%29+-+%5Cvarphi+%27%27%28x%29+%5Cpsi+%27%28t%29%7D%7B%5Cvarphi%5E3+%28t%29%7D+%5Ctag%7B2.24%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/fa1b5da3eb6667f161d8449efcd664d0.png)
3.2.5.1. 极坐标方程转化为参数方程形式
极坐标性质
![equation?tex=%7B%5Cleft%5C%7B+%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D+%5Crho%5E2+%26%3D+x%5E2+%2B+y%5E2%5C%5C+%5Ctan+%5Ctheta+%26%3D+%5Cfrac%7By%7D%7Bx%7D+%28x+%5Cne+0%29%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%5Cright.%7D+%5Ctag%7B2.25%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/b2e2bde72a25f69ab39094fb9198988b.png)
极坐标转化为直角坐标的转化公式
![equation?tex=%7B%5Cleft%5C%7B+%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D+x+%3D+%5Crho+%5Csin+%5Ctheta%5C%5C+y+%3D+%5Crho+%5Ccos+%5Ctheta%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Baligned%7D%5Cright.%7D+%5Ctag%7B2.26%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2bf934869a8857a435c86403f04e03d1.png)
已知经过点
![equation?tex=M%28%5Crho_o%2C+%5Ctheta_0%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6f1dd85eb2ae1dfadc8e2b861971a92c.png)
![equation?tex=%5Calpha](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/b5edc03934564b6fc6a72b7804435505.png)
![equation?tex=l](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/f32f9aac32d40c08bf41372d319a306a.png)
![equation?tex=%5Crho+%5Csin+%28%5Calpha+-+%5Ctheta%29+%3D+%5Crho_0+%5Csin%28%5Calpha_0+-+%5Ctheta_0%29+%5C%5C](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/e145d3894ccad2445e172d59960123f6.png)
即
![equation?tex=%5Crho+%3D+%5Crho_0+%5Csec%28%5Calpha_0+-+%5Ctheta_0%29+%5C%5C](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d525857f69118ffc89610a7d82ee45e7.png)
转化为参数方程形式
![equation?tex=%7B%5Cleft%5C%7B+%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D+x+%3D+%5Crho_0+%5Csec%28%5Calpha_0+-+%5Ctheta_0%29+%5Csin%28%5Ctheta%29%5C%5C+y+%3D+%5Crho_0+%5Csec%28%5Calpha_0+-+%5Ctheta_0%29+%5Ccos%28%5Ctheta%29%5C%5C+%5Cend%7Baligned%7D+%5Cright.%7D+%5C%5C](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/fc06d24b9ab17861c2cca100bcfcf3e1.png)
3.2.6. 对数求导法
如果
![equation?tex=y+%3D+y%28x%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/56151f71c4866c0e204ce3d096379823.png+%3D+y%28x%29)
多个因式的乘除、乘幂
构成,或是
幂指函数
的形式,则可先将函数去对数,然后两边对
![equation?tex=x](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/79271a73b75b1b2971964504afad8a27.png)
注
:对等式两边取对数,需要满足等式两边都大于0的条件
4. 高阶导数
4.1. 高阶导数的定义
含义:一般地,函数
![equation?tex=y+%3D+f%28x%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/39520e2a6f64f669e905d6d5a9ded755.png)
![equation?tex=n](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/ce59f55893efd960f1dbdfcd5c192a96.png)
![equation?tex=y%5E%7B%28n%29%7D+%3D+%5Bf%5E%7B%28n+-+1%29%7D%28x%29%5D%27](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/56151f71c4866c0e204ce3d096379823.png%5E%7B%28n%29%7D+%3D+%5Bf%5E%7B%28n+-+1%29%7D%28x%29%5D%27)
![equation?tex=f%5E%7B%28n%29%7D%28x%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/aff35562615612c4b65436643bd36b52.png)
![equation?tex=%5Cdfrac%7Bd%5Eny%7D%7Bdx%5En%7D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/5aff4c8fbec3985bf7bf2fac897ac539.png)
![equation?tex=n](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/ce59f55893efd960f1dbdfcd5c192a96.png)
![equation?tex=n-1](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/ce59f55893efd960f1dbdfcd5c192a96.png-1)
注
:如果函数在点
![equation?tex=x](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/79271a73b75b1b2971964504afad8a27.png)
![equation?tex=n](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/ce59f55893efd960f1dbdfcd5c192a96.png)
![equation?tex=x](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/79271a73b75b1b2971964504afad8a27.png)
![equation?tex=f%28x%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d9c9c3688701745e51fa4a203b331891.png)
![equation?tex=n](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/ce59f55893efd960f1dbdfcd5c192a96.png)
4.2. 常用的高阶导数公式
![equation?tex=%28%5Csin+x%29%5E%7B%28n%29%7D+%3D+%5Csin+%28x+%2B+n+%5Ccdot+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D%29+%5Ctag%7B2.27%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/5cd2db064c9c39492323fc8a9afad303.png)
![equation?tex=%28cos+x%29%5E%7B%28n%29%7D+%3D+%5Ccos+%28x+%2B+n+%5Ccdot+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D%29+%5Ctag%7B2.28%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a5a15383e32a6370282cf2c4c50a9200.png)
![equation?tex=%28u+%5Cpm+v%29%5E%7B%28n%29%7D+%3D+u%5E%7B%28n%29%7D+%5Cpm+v%5E%7B%28n%29%7D+%5Ctag%7B2.29%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a38f25e1302ba285d7449eeb6840b4b4.png)
![equation?tex=%28uv%29%5E%7B%28n%29%7D+%3D+%5Csum_%7Bk%3D0%7D%5En+C_n%5Ek+u%5E%7B%28k%29%7Dv%5E%7B%28n-k%29%7D+%5Ctag%7B2.30%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/72b32f3e71d59775684fa9494fda57a0.png)
式2.24可类比
![equation?tex=n](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/ce59f55893efd960f1dbdfcd5c192a96.png)
![equation?tex=%28u+%2B+v%29%5E%7Bn%7D+%3D+%5Csum_%7Bk%3D0%7D%5En+C_n%5Ek+u%5E%7Bk%7Dv%5E%7Bn-k%7D+%5Ctag%7B2.31%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/bfd6deede9951b601fd4e926a990e2fa.png)
- 推论
若
![equation?tex=y%3D+%5Csin%28ax+%2B+b%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/56151f71c4866c0e204ce3d096379823.png%3D+%5Csin%28ax+%2B+b%29)
![equation?tex=y%5E%7B%28n%29%7D+%3D+a%5En+%5Csin%28ax+%2B+b+%2B+n+%5Ccdot+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D%29+%5Ctag%7B2.32%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/56151f71c4866c0e204ce3d096379823.png%5E%7B%28n%29%7D+%3D+a%5En+%5Csin%28ax+%2B+b+%2B+n+%5Ccdot+%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpi%7D%7B2%7D%29+%5Ctag%7B2.32%7D+)
- 证明
通过归纳法,求
![equation?tex=y%27](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/56151f71c4866c0e204ce3d096379823.png%27)
![equation?tex=y%27%27](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/56151f71c4866c0e204ce3d096379823.png%27%27)
![equation?tex=y%5E%7B%28n%29%7D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/56151f71c4866c0e204ce3d096379823.png%5E%7B%28n%29%7D)
4.3. 求高阶导数的方法
- 公式法,带入高阶导数公式
- 归纳法,求
,
,归纳
5. 总结
- 导数
- 定义
- 求导法则
- 高阶导数
2. 微分
-
- 定义
- 微分与可导的关系
- 微分方程求导