Opencv-图像直方图

知识点

图像直方图的解释
图像直方图是图像像素值的统计学特征、计算代价较小，具有图像平移、旋转、缩放不变性等众多优点，广泛地应用于图像处理的各个领域，特别是灰度图像的阈值分割、基于颜色的图像检索以及图像分类、反向投影跟踪。常见的分为

• 灰度直方图
• 颜色直方图

Bins是指直方图的大小范围， 对于像素值取值在0～255之间的，最少有256个bin，此外还可以有16、32、48、128等，256除以bin的大小应该是整数倍。

OpenCV中相关API
calcHist(&bgr_plane[0], 1, 0, Mat(), b_hist, 1, bins, ranges);
cv.calcHist([image], [i], None, [256], [0, 256])

python代码

import cv2 as cv
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

#灰度直方图
def custom_hist(gray):
    h, w = gray.shape
    hist = np.zeros([256], dtype=np.int32)
    for row in range(h):
        for col in range(w):
            pv = gray[row, col]
            hist[pv] += 1

    y_pos = np.arange(0, 256, 1, dtype=np.int32)
    plt.bar(y_pos, hist, align='center', color='r', alpha=0.5)
    plt.xticks(y_pos, y_pos)
    plt.ylabel('Frequency')
    plt.title('Histogram')

    # plt.plot(hist, color='r')
    # plt.xlim([0, 256])
    plt.show()

#颜色直方图
def image_hist(image):
    cv.imshow("input", image)
    color = ('blue', 'green', 'red')
    for i, color in enumerate(color):
        #三通道分离
        hist = cv.calcHist([image], [i], None, [256], [0, 256])
        plt.plot(hist, color=color)
        plt.xlim([0, 256])
    plt.show()


src = cv.imread("C:/Users/qqxd/Desktop/opencvcode/images/flower.png")
cv.namedWindow("input", cv.WINDOW_AUTOSIZE)
gray = cv.cvtColor(src, cv.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
cv.imshow("input", gray)
custom_hist(gray)
image_hist(src)
cv.waitKey(0)
cv.destroyAllWindows()

c++代码

#include <opencv2/opencv.hpp>
#include <iostream>

using namespace cv;
using namespace std;

const int bins = 256;
Mat src;
const char* winTitle = "input image";

void drawHistogram(Mat &image);
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
	src = imread("C:/Users/qqxd/Desktop/opencvcode/images/flower.png");
	if (src.empty()) {
		printf("could not load image...\n");
		return 0;
	}
	namedWindow(winTitle, WINDOW_AUTOSIZE);
	imshow(winTitle, src);
	drawHistogram(src);
	waitKey(0);
	return 0;
}

void drawHistogram(Mat &image) {
	// 定义参数变量
	const int channels[1] = { 0 };
	const int bins[1] = { 256 };
	float hranges[2] = { 0,255 };
	const float* ranges[1] = { hranges };
	int dims = image.channels();
	if (dims == 3) {
		vector<Mat> bgr_plane;
		split(src, bgr_plane);
		Mat b_hist;
		Mat g_hist;
		Mat r_hist;
		// 计算Blue, Green, Red通道的直方图
		calcHist(&bgr_plane[0], 1, 0, Mat(), b_hist, 1, bins, ranges);
		calcHist(&bgr_plane[1], 1, 0, Mat(), g_hist, 1, bins, ranges);
		calcHist(&bgr_plane[2], 1, 0, Mat(), r_hist, 1, bins, ranges);
		// 显示直方图
		int hist_w = 512;
		int hist_h = 400;
		int bin_w = cvRound((double)hist_w / bins[0]);
		Mat histImage = Mat::zeros(hist_h, hist_w, CV_8UC3);
		// 归一化直方图数据
		normalize(b_hist, b_hist, 0, histImage.rows, NORM_MINMAX, -1, Mat());
		normalize(g_hist, g_hist, 0, histImage.rows, NORM_MINMAX, -1, Mat());
		normalize(r_hist, r_hist, 0, histImage.rows, NORM_MINMAX, -1, Mat());
		// 绘制直方图曲线
		for (int i = 1; i < bins[0]; i++) {
			line(histImage, Point(bin_w*(i - 1), hist_h - cvRound(b_hist.at<float>(i - 1))),
				Point(bin_w*(i), hist_h - cvRound(b_hist.at<float>(i))), Scalar(255, 0, 0), 2, 8, 0);
			line(histImage, Point(bin_w*(i - 1), hist_h - cvRound(g_hist.at<float>(i - 1))),
				Point(bin_w*(i), hist_h - cvRound(g_hist.at<float>(i))), Scalar(0, 255, 0), 2, 8, 0);
			line(histImage, Point(bin_w*(i - 1), hist_h - cvRound(r_hist.at<float>(i - 1))),
				Point(bin_w*(i), hist_h - cvRound(r_hist.at<float>(i))), Scalar(0, 0, 255), 2, 8, 0);
		}
		// 显示直方图
		namedWindow("Histogram Demo", WINDOW_AUTOSIZE);
		imshow("Histogram Demo", histImage);
	}
	else {
		Mat hist;
		// 计算Blue, Green, Red通道的直方图
		calcHist(&image, 1, 0, Mat(), hist, 1, bins, ranges);
		// 显示直方图
		int hist_w = 512;
		int hist_h = 400;
		int bin_w = cvRound((double)hist_w / bins[0]);
		Mat histImage = Mat::zeros(hist_h, hist_w, CV_8UC3);
		// 归一化直方图数据
		normalize(hist, hist, 0, histImage.rows, NORM_MINMAX, -1, Mat());
		// 绘制直方图曲线
		for (int i = 1; i < bins[0]; i++) {
			line(histImage, Point(bin_w*(i - 1), hist_h - cvRound(hist.at<float>(i - 1))),
				Point(bin_w*(i), hist_h - cvRound(hist.at<float>(i))), Scalar(0, 255, 0), 2, 8, 0);
		}
		// 显示直方图
		namedWindow("Histogram Demo", WINDOW_AUTOSIZE);
		imshow("Histogram Demo", histImage);
	}
}

void showHistogram() {
	// 三通道分离
	vector<Mat> bgr_plane;
	split(src, bgr_plane);
	// 定义参数变量
	const int channels[1] = { 0 };
	const int bins[1] = { 256 };
	float hranges[2] = { 0,255 };
	const float* ranges[1] = { hranges };
	Mat b_hist;
	Mat g_hist;
	Mat r_hist;
	// 计算Blue, Green, Red通道的直方图
	calcHist(&bgr_plane[0], 1, 0, Mat(), b_hist, 1, bins, ranges);
	calcHist(&bgr_plane[1], 1, 0, Mat(), g_hist, 1, bins, ranges);
	calcHist(&bgr_plane[2], 1, 0, Mat(), r_hist, 1, bins, ranges);
	// 显示直方图
	int hist_w = 512;
	int hist_h = 400;
	int bin_w = cvRound((double)hist_w / bins[0]);
	Mat histImage = Mat::zeros(hist_h, hist_w, CV_8UC3);
	// 归一化直方图数据
	normalize(b_hist, b_hist, 0, histImage.rows, NORM_MINMAX, -1, Mat());
	normalize(g_hist, g_hist, 0, histImage.rows, NORM_MINMAX, -1, Mat());
	normalize(r_hist, r_hist, 0, histImage.rows, NORM_MINMAX, -1, Mat());
	// 绘制直方图曲线
	for (int i = 1; i < bins[0]; i++) {
		line(histImage, Point(bin_w*(i - 1), hist_h - cvRound(b_hist.at<float>(i - 1))),
			Point(bin_w*(i), hist_h - cvRound(b_hist.at<float>(i))), Scalar(255, 0, 0), 2, 8, 0);
		line(histImage, Point(bin_w*(i - 1), hist_h - cvRound(g_hist.at<float>(i - 1))),
			Point(bin_w*(i), hist_h - cvRound(g_hist.at<float>(i))), Scalar(0, 255, 0), 2, 8, 0);
		line(histImage, Point(bin_w*(i - 1), hist_h - cvRound(r_hist.at<float>(i - 1))),
			Point(bin_w*(i), hist_h - cvRound(r_hist.at<float>(i))), Scalar(0, 0, 255), 2, 8, 0);
	}
	// 显示直方图
	namedWindow("Histogram Demo", WINDOW_AUTOSIZE);
	imshow("Histogram Demo", histImage);
}

python运行结果如下：


c++运行结果如下：

注:之所以python与c++得到的三通道颜色直方图大小不一致，因为c++版本做了归一化处理。