整体规范不变性
整体规范变换是指不依赖时空坐标的变换。
变换群是阿贝尔群的情况
在标量场的规范变换
ϕ ( θ ) = e − i q θ ϕ 0 , ϕ ˉ ( θ ) = e i q θ ϕ ˉ 0 \phi(\theta) = \mathrm e^{-iq\theta}\phi_0, ~ \bar\phi(\theta) = \mathrm e^{iq\theta}\bar\phi_0 ϕ(θ)=e−iqθϕ0, ϕˉ(θ)=eiqθϕˉ0
下,拉格朗日密度不变。也就是说,对于
L = − [ ( ∂ a ϕ ˉ ) ∂ a ϕ + m 2 ϕ ϕ ˉ ] \mathscr L = -[(\partial^a\bar\phi)\partial_a\phi + m^2\phi\bar\phi] L=−[(∂aϕˉ)∂aϕ+m2ϕϕˉ]
有
0 = d L d θ = ∂ L ∂ ϕ d ϕ d θ + ∂ L ∂ ( ∂ a ϕ ) d ( ∂ a ϕ ) d θ + ∂ L ∂ ϕ ˉ d ϕ ˉ d θ + ∂ L ∂ ( ∂ a ϕ ˉ ) d ( ∂ a ϕ ˉ ) d θ 0 = \frac{d\mathscr L}{d\theta} = \frac{\partial \mathscr L}{\partial \phi}\frac{d\phi}{d\theta} + \frac{\partial \mathscr L}{\partial(\partial_a\phi)}\frac{d(\partial_a\phi)}{d\theta} + \frac{\partial \mathscr L}{\partial \bar\phi}\frac{d\bar\phi}{d\theta} + \frac{\partial \mathscr L}{\partial(\partial_a\bar\phi)}\frac{d(\partial_a\bar\phi)}{d\theta} 0=dθdL=∂ϕ∂Ldθdϕ+∂(∂aϕ)∂Ldθd(∂aϕ)+∂ϕˉ∂Ldθdϕˉ+∂(∂aϕˉ)∂Ldθd(∂aϕˉ)
容易验证其中 d ϕ d θ = − i q ϕ , d ( ∂ a ϕ ) d θ = − i q ∂ a ϕ \frac{d\phi}{d\theta} = -iq\phi, ~ \frac{d(\partial_a\phi)}{d\theta} = -iq\partial_a\phi dθdϕ=−iqϕ, dθd(∂aϕ)=−iq∂aϕ,再代入拉格朗日方程就得到
d L d θ = − i q ∂ a [ ϕ ∂ L ∂ ( ∂ a ϕ ) − ϕ ˉ ∂ L ∂ ( ∂ a ϕ ˉ ) ] = i q ∂ a ( ϕ ∂ a ϕ ˉ − ϕ ˉ ∂ a ϕ ) \frac{d\mathscr L}{d\theta} = -iq\partial_a[\phi\frac{\partial \mathscr L}{\partial(\partial_a\phi)} - \bar\phi\frac{\partial \mathscr L}{\partial(\partial_a\bar\phi)}] = iq\partial_a(\phi\partial^a\bar\phi - \bar\phi\partial^a\phi) dθdL=−iq∂a[ϕ∂(∂aϕ)∂L−ϕˉ∂(∂aϕˉ)∂L]=iq∂a(ϕ∂aϕˉ−ϕˉ∂aϕ)
记
J a = i e q ( ϕ ∂ a ϕ ˉ − ϕ ˉ ∂ a ϕ ) J^a = ieq(\phi\partial^a\bar\phi - \bar\phi\partial^a\phi) Ja=ieq(ϕ∂aϕˉ−ϕˉ∂aϕ)
则有 0 = ∂ a J a 0 = \partial_aJ^a 0=∂aJa,可见 J a J^a Ja就是对应的守恒流。
所有这样的变换的集合 { e − i q θ ∣ θ ∈ R } \{\mathrm e^{-iq\theta} | \theta \in \R \} {
e−iqθ∣θ∈R}是酉群 U ( 1 ) U(1) U(1),显然是阿贝尔群。
变换群是非阿贝尔群的情况
考虑同位旋变换
[ ϕ 1 ′ ϕ 2 ′ ] = U [ ϕ 1 ϕ 2 ] \begin{bmatrix} \phi'_1 \\ \phi'_2 \end{bmatrix} = U \begin{bmatrix} \phi_1 \\ \phi_2 \end{bmatrix} [ϕ1′ϕ2′]=U[ϕ1ϕ2]
其中 U U U为一复矩阵, ϕ = [ ϕ 1 ϕ 2 ] \phi = \begin{bmatrix} \phi_1 \\ \phi_2 \end{bmatrix} ϕ=[ϕ1ϕ2]为核子的同位旋态波函数。在改变换下,系统的拉格朗日量仍是不变的。由归一化条件 ϕ † ϕ = 1 = ϕ ′ † ϕ ′ = ( U ϕ ) † ( U ϕ ) = ϕ † U † U ϕ \phi^\dagger\phi = 1 = \phi'^\dagger\phi' = (U\phi)^\dagger(U\phi) = \phi^\dagger U^\dagger U\phi ϕ†ϕ=1=ϕ′†ϕ′=(Uϕ)†(Uϕ)=ϕ†U†Uϕ,这就要求 U † U = I U^\dagger U = I U†U=I,所以 U ∈ U ( 2 ) U \in U(2) U∈U(2)是酉群,但 U ( 2 ) U(2) U(2)是非阿贝尔的。又 1 = det ( I ) = det ( U † U ) = ∣ det U ∣ 2 1 = \det(I) = \det(U^\dagger U) = |\det U|^2 1=det(I)=det(U†U)=∣detU∣2,所以 det U = e i α , α ∈ R \det U = \mathrm e^{i\alpha}, ~ \alpha \in \R detU=eiα, α∈R. 以下为讨论方便起见,我们假定 det U = 1 \det U = 1 detU=1,于是 U ∈ S U ( 2 ) U \in SU(2) U∈SU(2),这不会影响问题的实质。注意到 S U ( 2 ) SU(2) SU(2)的群元可由其李代数 s u ( 2 ) \mathfrak{su}(2) su(2)的指数映射给出,即
U ( θ ⃗ ) = e − i 2 τ ⃗ ⋅ θ ⃗ U(\vec\theta) = \mathrm e^{-\frac{i}{2}\vec\tau\cdot\vec\theta} U(θ)=e−2iτ⋅θ
其中 τ ⃗ \vec\tau τ