拉普拉斯算子的球坐标形式

$$\{\begin{array}{rl}r& =\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}\\ \theta & =\arccos \frac{z}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}}\\ \phi & =\arctan \frac{y}{x}\end{array}$$

-	$\partial r$	$\partial \theta$	$\partial \phi$
$\partial x$	$\sin \theta \cos \phi$	$\frac{\cos \theta \cos \phi }{r}$	$\frac{-\sin \phi }{r\sin \theta }$
$\partial y$	$\sin \theta \sin \phi$	$\frac{\cos \theta \sin \phi }{r}$	$\frac{\cos \phi }{r\sin \theta }$
$\partial z$	$\cos \theta$	$\frac{-\sin \theta }{r}$	$0$

根据微分形式不变性
$$\frac{\partial }{\partial x}=\frac{\partial }{\partial r}\frac{\partial r}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial }{\partial \theta }\frac{\partial \theta }{\partial x}+\frac{\partial }{\partial \phi }\frac{\partial \phi }{\partial x}$$

依上表就有
{ ∂ ∂ x = sin ⁡ θ cos ⁡ φ ∂ ∂ r + cos ⁡ θ cos ⁡ φ r ∂ ∂ θ + − sin ⁡ φ r sin ⁡ θ ∂ ∂ φ ∂ ∂ y = sin ⁡ θ sin ⁡ φ ∂ ∂ r + cos ⁡ θ sin ⁡ φ r ∂ ∂ θ + cos ⁡ φ r sin ⁡ θ ∂ ∂ φ ∂ ∂ z = cos ⁡ θ ∂ ∂ r + − sin ⁡ θ r ∂ ∂ θ \left\{ \begin {aligned} \frac{\partial}{\partial x} &= \sin\theta\cos\varphi\frac{\partial}{\partial r} + \frac{\cos\theta\cos\varphi}{r}\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta} + \frac{-\sin\varphi}{r\sin\theta}\frac{\partial}{\partial\varphi} \\ \frac{\partial}{\partial y} &= \sin\theta\sin\varphi\frac{\partial}{\partial r} + \frac{\cos\theta\sin\varphi}{r}\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta} + \frac{\cos\varphi}{r\sin\theta}\frac{\partial}{\partial\varphi} \\ \frac{\partial}{\partial z} &= \cos\theta\frac{\partial}{\partial r} + \frac{-\sin\theta}{r}\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta} \end{aligned}\right . ⎩⎪⎪⎪