Table of Contents
On Branch Cut Problem in Complexity Function
一、Question:
The function
f
(
z
)
f(z)
f(z) is given by
f
(
z
)
=
z
p
(
z
−
3
)
q
(
z
+
3
)
r
f(\mathcal{z})=\mathcal{z}^{p}(z-3)^{q}(\mathcal{z}+\mathcal{3})^{r}
f(z)=zp(z−3)q(z+3)r
where
p
,
q
,
r
p,q,r
p,q,r are real constants (not integers), and the branch of this function is chosen such that
−
π
<
arg
(
z
)
≤
π
a
n
d
−
π
<
a
r
g
(
z
±
3
)
≤
π
.
-\pi\lt \arg(z)\leq\pi\;\;\;\;{\mathrm{and}}\;\;\;\;-\;\pi\lt \mathrm{arg}(z\pm3)\leq\pi.
−π<arg(z)≤πand−π<arg(z±3)≤π.
Find the general relation between
p
,
q
p,q
p,q and
r
r
r which ensures that the only branch cut needed is along the real axis between
±
3.
\pm3.
±3.
(Hint 1: you will need to use three sets of polar coordinates, each one based at one of the three points
z
=
−
3
,
0
,
+
3.
z=-3,0,+3.
z=−3,0,+3.)
(Hint 2: you will need to think separately about the dierence in
f
(
z
)
f(z)
f(z) across the four parts
(
−
∞
,
−
3
)
,
(
−
3
,
0
)
,
(
0
,
3
)
(-\infty ,-3),(-3,0),(0,3)
(−∞,−3),(−3,0),(0,3) and
(
3
,
∞
)
(3,\infty)
(3,∞) of the real axis.)
Also, for the speci c case
p
=
q
=
r
=
1
/
3
p=q=r=1/3
p=q=r=1/3, find the values of
i)
f
(
x
±
i
0
)
f
o
r
0
<
x
<
+
3
,
f(x\pm i0){\mathrm{~for~}}0\lt x\lt +3,
f(x±i0) for 0<x<+3,
ii)
f
(
x
±
i
0
)
f
o
r
−
3
<
x
<
0
,
f(x\pm i0)\;\mathrm{for}\;-3\lt x\lt 0,
f(x±i0)for−3<x<0, and
iii) the residues of the function
g
(
z
)
=
f
(
z
)
z
2
+
3
g(z)=\frac{f(z)}{z^2+3}
g(z)=z2+3f(z).
Ans:
make polar coordinate
z
=
r
1
e
i
θ
1
,
z
−
3
=
r
2
e
i
θ
2
,
z
+
3
=
r
3
e
i
θ
3
z = r_1e^{i\theta_1}, z -3= r_2e^{i\theta_2},z+3= r_3e^{i\theta_3}
z=r1eiθ1,z−3=r2eiθ2,z+3=r3eiθ3
and rewrite
f
(
z
)
f(z)
f(z) as
f
(
z
)
=
(
r
1
e
i
θ
1
)
p
(
r
2
e
i
θ
2
)
q
(
r
3
e
i
θ
3
)
r
=
(
r
1
p
e
i
p
θ
1
)
(
r
2
q
e
i
q
θ
2
)
(
r
3
r
e
i
r
θ
3
)
f(z)=(r_1e^{i\theta_1})^{p}(r_2e^{i\theta_2})^{q}( r_3e^{i\theta_3})^{r} =(r_1^{p}e^{ip\theta_1})(r_2^{q}e^{iq\theta_2})( r_3^{r}e^{ir\theta_3})
f(z)=(r1eiθ1)p(r2eiθ2)q(r3eiθ3)r=(r1peipθ1)(r2qeiqθ2)(r3reirθ3)
=
r
1
p
r
2
q
r
3
r
e
i
(
p
θ
1
+
q
θ
2
+
r
θ
3
)
=r_1^{p}r_2^{q}r_3^{r}e^{i(p\theta_1+q\theta_2+r\theta_3)}
=r1pr2qr3rei(pθ1+qθ2+rθ3)
Now we study the difference in
f
(
x
±
i
0
)
f(x\pm i0)
f(x±i0) across the four intervals
i) on interval
(
−
∞
,
−
3
)
(-\infty, -3)
(−∞,−3)
f
(
x
+
i
0
)
=
r
1
p
r
2
q
r
3
r
e
i
(
p
π
+
q
π
+
r
π
)
,
f
(
x
−
i
0
)
=
r
1
p
r
2
q
r
3
r
e
−
i
(
p
π
+
q
π
+
r
π
)
f(x+ i0)=r_1^{p}r_2^{q}r_3^{r}e^{i(p\pi+q\pi+r\pi)},f(x- i0)=r_1^{p}r_2^{q}r_3^{r}e^{-i(p\pi+q\pi+r\pi)}
f(x+i0)=r1pr2qr3rei(pπ+qπ+rπ),f(x−i0)=r1pr2qr3re−i(pπ+qπ+rπ)
let
f
(
x
+
i
0
)
=
f
(
x
−
i
0
)
f(x+ i0)=f(x-i0)
f(x+i0)=f(x−i0) one can deduce
e
i
(
p
π
+
q
π
+
r
π
)
=
e
−
i
(
p
π
+
q
π
+
r
π
)
e^{i(p\pi+q\pi+r\pi)}=e^{-i(p\pi+q\pi+r\pi)}
ei(pπ+qπ+rπ)=e−i(pπ+qπ+rπ) or
sin
(
p
π
+
q
π
+
r
π
)
=
−
sin
(
p
π
+
q
π
+
r
π
)
\sin(p\pi+q\pi+r\pi)=-\sin(p\pi+q\pi+r\pi)
sin(pπ+qπ+rπ)=−sin(pπ+qπ+rπ)
sin
(
p
π
+
q
π
+
r
π
)
=
0
\sin(p\pi+q\pi+r\pi)=0
sin(pπ+qπ+rπ)=0 or
(
p
+
q
+
r
)
∈
Z
(p+q+r) \in \mathbb{Z}
(p+q+r)∈Z
ii) on interval
(
−
3
,
0
)
(-3, 0)
(−3,0)
f
(
x
+
i
0
)
=
r
1
p
r
2
q
r
3
r
e
i
(
p
π
+
q
π
)
,
f
(
x
−
i
0
)
=
r
1
p
r
2
q
r
3
r
e
−
i
(
p
π
+
q
π
)
f(x+ i0)=r_1^{p}r_2^{q}r_3^{r}e^{i(p\pi+q\pi)},f(x- i0)=r_1^{p}r_2^{q}r_3^{r}e^{-i(p\pi+q\pi)}
f(x+i0)=r1pr2qr3rei(pπ+qπ),f(x−i0)=r1pr2qr3re−i(pπ+qπ)
Under condition
(
p
+
q
+
r
)
∈
Z
(p+q+r) \in \mathbb{Z}
(p+q+r)∈Z,
f
(
x
+
i
0
)
≠
f
(
x
−
i
0
)
f(x+ i0)\neq f(x-i0)
f(x+i0)=f(x−i0)
iii) on interval
(
0
,
3
)
(0, 3)
(0,3)
f
(
x
+
i
0
)
=
r
1
p
r
2
q
r
3
r
e
i
(
q
π
)
,
f
(
x
−
i
0
)
=
r
1
p
r
2
q
r
3
r
e
−
i
(
q
π
)
f(x+ i0)=r_1^{p}r_2^{q}r_3^{r}e^{i(q\pi)},f(x- i0)=r_1^{p}r_2^{q}r_3^{r}e^{-i(q\pi)}
f(x+i0)=r1pr2qr3rei(qπ),f(x−i0)=r1pr2qr3re−i(qπ)
Similar, under condition
(
p
+
q
+
r
)
∈
Z
(p+q+r) \in \mathbb{Z}
(p+q+r)∈Z,
f
(
x
+
i
0
)
≠
f
(
x
−
i
0
)
f(x+ i0)\neq f(x-i0)
f(x+i0)=f(x−i0)
iv) on interval
(
3
,
+
∞
)
(3, +\infty)
(3,+∞)
f
(
x
+
i
0
)
=
r
1
p
r
2
q
r
3
r
e
i
0
,
f
(
x
−
i
0
)
=
r
1
p
r
2
q
r
3
r
e
−
i
0
f(x+ i0)=r_1^{p}r_2^{q}r_3^{r}e^{i0},f(x- i0)=r_1^{p}r_2^{q}r_3^{r}e^{-i0}
f(x+i0)=r1pr2qr3rei0,f(x−i0)=r1pr2qr3re−i0
Under condition
(
p
+
q
+
r
)
∈
Z
(p+q+r) \in \mathbb{Z}
(p+q+r)∈Z,
f
(
x
+
i
0
)
≡
f
(
x
−
i
0
)
f(x+ i0) \equiv f(x-i0)
f(x+i0)≡f(x−i0)
Therefore,
(
p
+
q
+
r
)
∈
Z
(p+q+r) \in \mathbb{Z}
(p+q+r)∈Z ensures that the only branch cut needed is along the real axis between
−
3
,
3
-3, 3
−3,3.
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