C++引用（reference）

引用：

• 引用是c++对c的重要扩充。
• 指的是按引用传递(pass-by-reference)，
• 也存在于其他一些编程语言中，并不是c++的发明。

---

基本使用：

void test(){
	int a = 10;
	//给变量a取一个别名b
	int& b = a;
	cout << "a:" << a << endl;
	cout << "b:" << b << endl;
	cout << "------------" << endl;
	//操作b就相当于操作a本身
	b = 100;
	cout << "a:" << a << endl;
	cout << "b:" << b << endl;
	cout << "------------" << endl;
	//一个变量可以有n个别名
	int& c = a;
	c = 200;
	cout << "a:" << a << endl;
	cout << "b:" << b << endl;
	cout << "c:" << c << endl;
	cout << "------------" << endl;
	//a,b,c的地址都是相同的
	cout << "a:" << &a << endl;
	cout << "b:" << &b << endl;
	cout << "c:" << &c << endl;
}

注意事项：

void test(){
	//1) 引用必须初始化
	//int& ref; //报错:必须初始化引用
	//2) 引用一旦初始化，不能改变引用
	int a = 10;
	int b = 20;
	int& ref = a;
	ref = b; //不能改变引用
	//3) 不能这样对数组建立引用
	int arr[10];
	//int& ref3[10] = arr;
}

//1. 建立数组引用方法一
	typedef int ArrRef[10];
	int arr[10];
	ArrRef& aRef = arr;
	for (int i = 0; i < 10;i ++){
		aRef[i] = i+1;
	}
	for (int i = 0; i < 10;i++){
		cout << arr[i] << " ";
	}
	cout << endl;
	
//2. 建立数组引用方法二
	int(&f)[10] = arr;
	for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++){
		f[i] = i+10;
	}
	for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++){
		cout << arr[i] << " ";
	}
	cout << endl;

---

函数中的引用：

//值传递
void ValueSwap(int m,int n){
	int temp = m;
	m = n;
	n = temp;
}
//地址传递
void PointerSwap(int* m,int* n){
	int temp = *m;
	*m = *n;
	*n = temp;
}
//引用传递
void ReferenceSwap(int& m,int& n){
	int temp = m;
	m = n;
	n = temp;
}
void test(){
	int a = 10;
	int b = 20;
	//值传递
	ValueSwap(a, b);
	cout << "a:" << a << " b:" << b << endl;
	
	//地址传递
	PointerSwap(&a, &b);
	cout << "a:" << a << " b:" << b << endl;
	
	//引用传递
	ReferenceSwap(a, b);
	cout << "a:" << a << " b:" << b << endl;
}

引用的本质：引用的本质在c++内部实现是一个指针常量

//发现是引用，转换为 int* const ref = &a;
void testFunc(int& ref){
	ref = 100; // ref是引用，转换为*ref = 100
}
int main(){
	int a = 10;
	int& aRef = a; //自动转换为 int* const aRef = &a;这也能说明引用为什么必须初始化
	aRef = 20; //内部发现aRef是引用，自动帮我们转换为: *aRef = 20;
	cout << "a:" << a << endl;
	cout << "aRef:" << aRef << endl;
	testFunc(a);
}