[paper]SPATIALLY TRANSFORMED ADVERSARIAL EXAMPLES

本文提出了一种新的对抗样本生成方法,通过最小化空间局部形变而非传统的Lp像素距离,保持图像的几何关系和质量,提高对抗样本的真实性和鲁棒性。优化目标基于模型的logits输出和目标类别的置信水平,确保生成的stAdv具有高感知质量。
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本文提出了一种基于空间变换(spatially transformed)(smooth image deformation)的对抗样本生成算法。( L p L_p Lp距离较大,但图像更真实更不容易被检测)
之前的生成算法大多是将 L p L_p Lp范数作为损失函数,然后直接调整像素值。

两个重要因素
1)图片亮度和质量
2)几何关系

先前的大多数对抗攻击都建立在改变亮度和质量的基础上,同时假设在对抗扰动生成过程中图片的几何关系保持不变。

算法:
最小化空域局部形变,而不是传统的像素值 L p Lp Lp 距离。具体地,设输入图像为 x x x,输出的对抗样本为 x a d v x_adv xadv,每个像素的位移场为 f f f,则 x ( r ) = x a d v ( r + f ) x(r)=x_adv(r+f) x(r)=<

STELLAR (Spatially-resolved Transcriptomics with Ellipsoid Decomposition and Latent Actualization for Reconstruction) is a computational tool developed by researchers at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard for annotating spatially resolved single-cell data. It uses a combination of machine learning algorithms and image analysis techniques to identify cell types and characterize gene expression patterns within individual cells. To use STELLAR, researchers first generate spatially resolved single-cell data using techniques such as spatial transcriptomics or in situ sequencing. This data typically consists of spatial coordinates for each cell, as well as information on gene expression levels for a large number of genes. STELLAR then uses a number of different algorithms to analyze this data and identify cell types. First, it uses an ellipsoid decomposition algorithm to model the spatial distribution of cells within the tissue sample. This allows it to identify clusters of cells that are likely to be of the same type. Next, STELLAR uses a latent actualization algorithm to model the gene expression patterns within each cell. This allows it to identify genes that are expressed at high levels within specific cell types, and to assign cell type labels to individual cells based on their gene expression profiles. Overall, STELLAR provides a powerful tool for analyzing spatially resolved single-cell data, and has the potential to significantly advance our understanding of cellular organization and function within complex tissues.
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