一、直线 l l l 的产生
已知:
n
→
=
(
A
,
B
)
,
P
=
(
x
0
,
y
0
)
,
∀
Q
=
(
x
,
y
)
∈
l
≠
P
\overrightarrow{n}=(A,B), P=(x_0,y_0), \forall Q=(x,y) \in l \neq P
n=(A,B),P=(x0,y0),∀Q=(x,y)∈l=P
则:
n
→
⋅
P
Q
→
=
(
A
,
B
)
⋅
(
x
−
x
0
,
y
−
y
0
)
=
0
\overrightarrow{n} \cdot \overrightarrow{PQ} = (A,B)\cdot (x-x_0,y-y_0)=0
n⋅PQ=(A,B)⋅(x−x0,y−y0)=0
A
(
x
−
x
0
)
+
B
(
y
−
y
0
)
=
0
A(x-x_0)+B(y-y_0)=0
A(x−x0)+B(y−y0)=0
A
x
+
B
y
−
(
A
x
0
+
B
y
0
)
=
0
Ax+By-(Ax_0+By_0)=0
Ax+By−(Ax0+By0)=0
令:
C
=
−
(
A
x
0
+
B
y
0
)
C=-(Ax_0+By_0)
C=−(Ax0+By0),则:
A
x
+
B
y
+
C
=
0
Ax+By+C=0
Ax+By+C=0
二、点到直线的距离公式及推导——向量法
-
若待测点 P = ( x 0 , y 0 ) P=(x_0,y_0) P=(x0,y0) 在 l l l 法向量 n → \overrightarrow{n} n 同侧:
d = ∣ Q P → ∣ cos θ = Q P → ⋅ n → ∣ n → ∣ = A ( x 0 − x ) + B ( y 0 − y ) A 2 + B 2 2 = A x 0 + B y 0 + C A 2 + B 2 2 d=\left| \overrightarrow{QP} \right|\cos\theta=\frac{\overrightarrow{QP} \cdot \overrightarrow{n}}{\left| \overrightarrow{n} \right|}=\frac{A(x_0-x)+B(y_0-y)}{\sqrt[2]{A^2+B^2}}=\frac{Ax_0+By_0+C}{\sqrt[2]{A^2+B^2}} d= QP cosθ= n QP⋅n=2A2+B2A(x0−x)+B(y0−y)=2A2+B2Ax0+By0+C -
若待测点 P = ( x 0 , y 0 ) P=(x_0,y_0) P=(x0,y0) 在 l l l 法向量 n → \overrightarrow{n} n 异侧:
d = − ∣ Q P → ∣ cos θ = − Q P → ⋅ n → ∣ n → ∣ = − A ( x 0 − x ) + B ( y 0 − y ) A 2 + B 2 2 = − A x 0 + B y 0 + C A 2 + B 2 2 d=-\left| \overrightarrow{QP} \right|\cos\theta=-\frac{\overrightarrow{QP} \cdot \overrightarrow{n}}{\left| \overrightarrow{n} \right|}=-\frac{A(x_0-x)+B(y_0-y)}{\sqrt[2]{A^2+B^2}}=-\frac{Ax_0+By_0+C}{\sqrt[2]{A^2+B^2}} d=− QP cosθ=− n QP⋅n=−2A2+B2A(x0−x)+B(y0−y)=−2A2+B2Ax0+By0+C
故 ∀ P ( x 0 , y 0 ) , d = ∣ A x 0 + B y 0 + C ∣ A 2 + B 2 2 \forall P(x_0,y_0), d=\frac{\left| Ax_0+By_0+C \right|}{\sqrt[2]{A^2+B^2}} ∀P(x0,y0),d=2A2+B2∣Ax0+By0+C∣
三、两平行直线距离公式及推导
设
l
1
:
A
x
+
B
x
+
C
1
=
0
l_1:Ax+Bx+C_1=0
l1:Ax+Bx+C1=0,
l
2
:
A
x
+
B
x
+
C
2
=
0
l_2:Ax+Bx+C_2=0
l2:Ax+Bx+C2=0,将
∀
P
(
x
,
y
)
∈
l
2
\forall P(x,y) \in l_2
∀P(x,y)∈l2 带入二中距离公式:
d
l
1
l
2
=
∣
A
x
+
B
y
+
C
1
∣
A
2
+
B
2
2
=
∣
C
1
−
C
2
∣
A
2
+
B
2
2
d_{l_1l_2}=\frac{\left| Ax+By+C_1 \right|}{\sqrt[2]{A^2+B^2}}=\frac{\left| C_1-C_2 \right|}{\sqrt[2]{A^2+B^2}}
dl1l2=2A2+B2∣Ax+By+C1∣=2A2+B2∣C1−C2∣
四、点与直线位置关系与推导
P
(
x
0
,
y
0
)
P(x_0,y_0)
P(x0,y0);
l
:
A
x
+
B
y
+
C
=
0
l:Ax+By+C=0
l:Ax+By+C=0;
n
→
(
A
,
B
)
\overrightarrow{n}(A,B)
n(A,B)
①
P
P
P 在直线
l
l
l 上
⇔
A
x
0
+
B
y
0
+
C
=
0
\Leftrightarrow Ax_0+By_0+C=0
⇔Ax0+By0+C=0
②
P
P
P 与
n
→
\overrightarrow{n}
n 同侧
⇔
A
x
0
+
B
y
0
+
C
>
0
(
证
:
n
→
⋅
Q
P
→
=
(
A
,
B
)
⋅
(
x
0
−
x
,
y
0
−
y
)
=
A
x
0
+
B
y
0
+
C
>
0
)
\Leftrightarrow Ax_0+By_0+C>0 (证:\overrightarrow{n} \cdot \overrightarrow{QP}=(A,B)\cdot (x_0-x,y_0-y)=Ax_0+By_0+C>0)
⇔Ax0+By0+C>0(证:n⋅QP=(A,B)⋅(x0−x,y0−y)=Ax0+By0+C>0)
③
P
P
P 与
n
→
\overrightarrow{n}
n 异侧
⇔
A
x
0
+
B
y
0
+
C
<
0
(证
:
同②)
\Leftrightarrow Ax_0+By_0+C<0(证:同②)
⇔Ax0+By0+C<0(证:同②)
如有不对,感谢指出!