之前我们已经介绍了一些有关帧缓冲的内容,并且配置了渲染流程信息。接下来,我们对帧缓冲进行配置。 我们在创建渲染流程对象时指定使用的附着需要绑定在帧缓冲对象上使用。帧缓冲对象引用了用于表示附着的 VkImageView 对象。对于我们的程序,我们只使用了一个颜色附着。但这并不意味着我们只需要使用一张图像,每个附着对应的图像个数依赖于交换链用于呈现操作的图像个数。我们需要为交换链中的每个图像创建对应的帧缓冲, 在渲染时,渲染到对应的帧缓冲上。
帧缓冲
首先我们为交换链中的每个VkImageviews创建帧缓冲。创建帧缓冲的操作非常直白。我们首先指定帧缓冲需要兼容的渲染流程对象。之后的渲染操作,我们可以使用与这个指定的渲染流程对象相兼容的其它渲染流程对象。一般来说,使用相同数量,相同类型附着的渲染流程对象是相兼容的。 attachmentCount 和 pAttachments 成员变量用于指定附着个数,以及渲染流程对象用于描述附着信息的 pAttachment 数组。 width 和 height 成员变量用于指定帧缓冲的大小,layers 成员变量用于指定图像层数。我们使用的交换链图像都是单层的,所以将 layers 成员变量设置为 1。
// Provided by VK_VERSION_1_0
typedef struct VkFramebufferCreateInfo {
VkStructureType sType;
const void* pNext;
VkFramebufferCreateFlags flags;
VkRenderPass renderPass;
uint32_t attachmentCount;
const VkImageView* pAttachments;
uint32_t width;
uint32_t height;
uint32_t layers;
} VkFramebufferCreateInfo;
renderPass:
定义渲染传递的帧缓冲区将与之兼容的渲染传递 is a render pass defining what render passes the framebuffer will be compatible with. See Render Pass Compatibility for details.
attachmentCount
is the number of attachments.
pAttachments
is a pointer to an array of VkImageView handles, each of which will be used as the corresponding attachment in a render pass instance. Ifflags
includesVK_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_IMAGELESS_BIT
, this parameter is ignored.
width
,height
andlayers
define the dimensions of the framebuffer. If the render pass uses multiview, thenlayers
must be one and each attachment requires a number of layers that is greater than the maximum bit index set in the view mask in the subpasses in which it is used.
void createFramebuffers() {
swapChainFramebuffers.resize(swapChainImageViews.size());
for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
VkImageView attachments[] = { swapChainImageViews[i] };
VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo{};
framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
framebufferInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments;
framebufferInfo.width = swapChainExtent.width;
framebufferInfo.height = swapChainExtent.height;
framebufferInfo.layers = 1;
if (vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &framebufferInfo, nullptr, &swapChainFramebuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create framebuffer!");
}
}
}
指令缓冲
Vulkan中的指令,如绘图操作和内存传输,不是通过函数调用直接执行的。您必须在命令缓冲区对象中记录要执行的所有操作。这样做的好处是,当我们准备告诉Vulkan我们想要做什么时,所有的命令都被一起提交,使得Vulkan可以更有效地处理这些命令。此外,可以在在多个线程中记录指令。
创建指令池
我们必须在创建指令缓冲区之前创建指令池。指令池对象用于管理指令缓冲对象使用的内存,并负责指令缓冲对象的分配。创建指令池对象首先要填写VkCommandPoolCreateInfo结构体对象,这个结构体对象有两个我们需要注意的成员变量:flags和 queueFamilyIndex位。
指令池的flags位有两种选项:
- VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_TRANSIENT_BIT:使用它分配的指令缓冲对象被频繁用来记录新的指令(可能会改变内存分配行为)
- VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT:允许命令缓冲区单独重新记录,如果没有这个标志,它们都必须一起重置
我们将为每帧记录一个命令缓冲区,所以我们希望能够重置和重新记录它。因此,我们需要为指令池设置VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT标志位。
指令缓冲区通过将它们提交到其中一个设备队列(如我们检索的图形和显示队列)来执行。每个指令池只能分配在单一类型队列上提交的指令缓冲区。我们将记录用于渲染的命令,这就是我们选择图形队列家族的原因。
最后使用vkCreateCommandPool函数完成指令池的创建。它没有任何特殊参数。指令池将在整个程序中用于在屏幕上绘制东西,因此指令池对象应该只在最后销毁。
// Provided by VK_VERSION_1_0
typedef struct VkCommandPoolCreateInfo {
VkStructureType sType;
const void* pNext;
VkCommandPoolCreateFlags flags;
uint32_t queueFamilyIndex;
} VkCommandPoolCreateInfo;
// Provided by VK_VERSION_1_0
VkResult vkCreateCommandPool(
VkDevice device,
const VkCommandPoolCreateInfo* pCreateInfo,
const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator,
VkCommandPool* pCommandPool);
- flags是VkCommandPoolCreateFlagBits的位掩码,描述了指令池和从中分配的命令缓冲区的使用方式。
- queueFamilyIndex指定一个队列族,如Queue Family Properties所述。从该命令池分配的所有命令缓冲区必须在来自同一队列族的队列上提交。
分配指令缓冲
首先创建一个VkCommandBuffer对象。当指令池被销毁时,指令缓冲区将被自动释放,因此不需要对其显式清理。
指令缓冲区是通过vkAllocateCommandBuffers函数分配的,该函数采用VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo结构作为参数,指定要分配的命令池和缓冲区数量:
VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
allocInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, &commandBuffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate command buffers!");
}
- commandPool是用于分配指令缓冲区的命令池。
- level是一个VkCommandBufferLevel值,指定指令缓冲区的级别。
- commandBufferCount是从指令池中分配的指令缓冲区的数量。
level 成员变量用于指定分配的指令缓冲对象是主要指令缓冲对象还是辅助指令缓冲对象:
• VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY:可以被提交到队列进行执行,但不能被其它指令缓冲 对象调用。
• VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_SECONDARY:不能直接被提交到队列进行执行,但可以被主要 指令缓冲对象调用执行。
在这里,我们没有使用辅助指令缓冲对象,但辅助治理给缓冲对象的好处是显而易见的,我们可以把一些常用的指令存储在辅助指令缓冲对象,然后在主要指令缓冲对象中调用执行。
记录指令到指令缓冲
我们通过调用vkBeginCommandBuffer函数开始指令缓冲对象的记录操作,VkCommandBufferBeginInfo结构作为参数指定了关于这个特定命令缓冲区使用的一些细节。
VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{};
beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
beginInfo.flags = 0; // Optional
beginInfo.pInheritanceInfo = nullptr; // Optional
if (vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to begin recording command buffer!");
}
flags 成员变量用于指定我们将要怎样使用指令缓冲。它的值可以是下面这些:
• VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT:指令缓冲在执行一次后,就被用来记录新的指令。
• VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_RENDER_PASS_CONTINUE_BIT:这是一个只在一个渲染流程内使用的辅助指令缓冲。
• VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_SIMULTANEOUS_USE_BIT:当命令缓冲区还在等待执行时,它可以被重新提交。
pInheritanceInfo参数只与辅助指令缓冲区相关,指定从调用主指令缓冲区继承哪个状态。 指令缓冲对象记录指令后,调用 vkBeginCommandBuffer 函数会重置指令缓冲对象。
开始渲染流程
调用 vkCmdBeginRenderPass 函数可以开始一个渲染流程。这一函数需要我们使用 VkRenderPassBeginInfo 结 构体来指定使用的渲染流程对象:
VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo{};
renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
renderPassInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
renderPassInfo.framebuffer = swapChainFramebuffers[imageIndex];
首先的两个参数是渲染流程renderpass和要绑定帧缓冲。我们为每个交换链图像创建了一个帧缓冲,它被指定为一个颜色附件。因此,我们需要为我们想要绘制的交换链图像绑定framebuffer。使用传入的imageIndex参数,我们可以为当前交换链图像选择正确的帧缓冲区。
renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = {0, 0};
renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = swapChainExtent;
renderArea 成员变量用于指定用于渲染的区域。位于这一区域外的像素数据会处于未定义状态。通常,我们将这一 区域设置为和我们使用的附着大小完全一样。
VkClearValue clearColor = {{{0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}}};
renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = 1;
renderPassInfo.pClearValues = &clearColor;
clearValueCount 和 pClearValues 成员变量用于指定使用 VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR 标记 后,使用的清除值。在这里,我们使用完全不透明的黑色作为清除值。
vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffer, &renderPassInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
所有可以记录指令到指令缓冲的函数的函数名都带有一个 vkCmd 前缀,并且这些函数的返回值都是 void,也就是说在指令记录操作完全结束前,不用进行任何错误处理。
这类函数的第一个参数是用于记录指令的指令缓冲对象。第二个参数是使用的渲染流程的信息。最后一个参数是用 来指定渲染流程如何提供绘制指令的标记,它可以是下面这两个值之一:
• VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE:所有要执行的指令都在主要指令缓冲中,没有辅助指令缓冲需要执行。
• VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_SECONDARY_COMMAND_BUFFERS:有来自辅助指令缓冲的指令需要执行。
由于我们没有使用辅助指令缓冲,所以我们使用 VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE。
基础渲染指令
现在,绑定图形管线:
vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, graphicsPipeline);
vkCmdBindPipeline 函数的第二个参数指定管道对象是图形管道还是计算管道。我们现在已经告诉Vulkan在图形管道中执行哪些操作以及在片段着色器中使用哪些附件。
正如在固定函数一章中提到的,我们为这个管道指定了动态的视口和裁剪状态。所以我们需要在发出draw命令之前在命令缓冲区中设置它们:
VkViewport viewport{};
viewport.x = 0.0f;
viewport.y = 0.0f;
viewport.width = static_cast<float>(swapChainExtent.width);
viewport.height = static_cast<float>(swapChainExtent.height);
viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;
viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;
vkCmdSetViewport(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &viewport);
VkRect2D scissor{};
scissor.offset = {0, 0};
scissor.extent = swapChainExtent;
vkCmdSetScissor(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &scissor);
开始调用指令进行三角形的绘制操作:
vkCmdDraw(commandBuffers, 3, 1, 0, 0);
我们使用 vkCmdDraw 函数来提交绘制操作到指令缓冲,它的第一个参数是记录有要执行的指令的指令缓冲对象, 它的剩余参数依次是:
• vertexCount:指定三个顶点用于三角形的绘制。
• instanceCount:用于实例渲染,为 1 时表示不进行实例渲染。
• firstVertex:用于定义着色器变量 gl_VertexIndex 的值。
• firstInstance:用于定义着色器变量 gl_InstanceIndex 的值。
接着调用 vkCmdEndRenderPass 函数结束渲染流程,我们已经完成了命令缓冲区的记录:
vkCmdEndRenderPass(commandBuffer);
if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to record command buffer!");
}
渲染和显示
在vulkan中渲染一帧大致有以下流程:
- 等待前一帧绘制结束
- 从交换链中获取一张图像
- 记录一个将场景绘制到图像上的指令缓冲区
- 提交记录的指令缓冲区
- 显示交换链上的图像
同步
Vulkan的核心设计理念是GPU上执行的同步是显式的。操作的顺序取决于我们使用各种同步原语来定义,这些同步原语告诉驱动程序我们希望事情运行的顺序。这意味着许多开始在GPU上执行工作的Vulkan API调用是异步的,函数将在操作完成之前返回。
我们需要明确地排序一些事件,因为它们发生在GPU上,例如:
- 从交换链获取图像
- 执行在获取的图像上渲染的命令
- 将该图像显示到屏幕上,并将其返回到交换链
这些事件中的每一个都是使用单个函数调用设置的,但都是异步执行的。函数调用将在操作实际完成之前返回,并且执行顺序也未定义。因为每个操作都依赖于前一个操作的完成。因此,我们需要探索可以使用哪些原语来实现所需的排序。
信号量(Semaphores)
信号量用于在队列操作之间添加顺序。队列操作指的是我们提交给队列的工作,可以在命令缓冲区中提交,也可以在函数中提交,我们将在后面看到。队列的示例有图形队列和显示队列。信号量既用于对同一队列内的任务排序,也用于不同队列之间的任务排序。
信号量的状态可以是unsignaled或者signaled。它以unsignaled的状态开始生命。我们使用信号量对队列操作进行排序的方式是,在一个队列操作中提供与` signal `信号量相同的信号量,在另一个队列操作中提供与` wait `信号量相同的信号量。例如,假设我们有信号量S和需要按顺序执行的队列操作A和B。我们告诉Vulkan的是,操作A在完成执行时将` signal `信号量S,操作B在开始执行前将在信号量S上` wait `。当操作A结束时,信号量S将被通知,而操作B直到S通知后才开始。在操作B开始执行之后,信号量S自动重置为无信号状态,以便再次使用。
//伪代码
VkCommandBuffer A, B = ... // record command buffers
VkSemaphore S = ... // create a semaphore
// enqueue A, signal S when done - starts executing immediately
vkQueueSubmit(work: A, signal: S, wait: None)
// enqueue B, wait on S to start
vkQueueSubmit(work: B, signal: None, wait: S)
注意在这个代码片段中,对vkQueuessubmit()的调用都立即返回——等待只发生在GPU上。CPU继续运行,不会阻塞。为了让CPU等待,我们需要一个不同的同步原语,我们现在将对其进行描述。
栅栏(Fence)
Fence也有类似的用途,因为它用于同步执行,但它是用于在CPU(也称为主机)上排序执行。简单地说,如果主机需要知道GPU什么时候完成某事,我们就使用栅栏Fence。
与信号量类似,栅栏要么处于有信号状态,要么处于无信号状态。每当我们提交要执行的工作时,我们都可以为该工作附加一个栅栏。当工作完成时,栅栏将发出信号。然后我们可以让主机等待Fence的信号,保证在主机继续之前工作已经完成。
一个具体的例子是截图。假设我们已经在GPU上完成了必要的工作。现在需要将图像从GPU传输到主机,然后将内存保存到文件中。我们有执行传输的命令缓冲区A和栅栏F。我们提交命令缓冲区A和栅栏F,然后立即告诉主机等待F的信号。这将导致主机阻塞,直到命令缓冲区A完成执行。因此,我们可以安全地让主机将文件保存到磁盘,因为内存传输已经完成。
//伪代码
VkCommandBuffer A = ... // record command buffer with the transfer
VkFence F = ... // create the fence
// enqueue A, start work immediately, signal F when done
vkQueueSubmit(work: A, fence: F)
vkWaitForFence(F) // blocks execution until A has finished executing
save_screenshot_to_disk() // can't run until the transfer has finished
与信号量的例子不同,这个例子阻塞了主机的执行。这意味着主机除了等待执行完成之外不会做任何事情。对于这种情况,我们必须确保在将截图保存到磁盘之前完成传输。一般来说,除非必要,否则最好不要阻塞主机。我们希望为GPU和主机提供有用的工作,在栅栏上等待信号不是有用的工作。因此,我们更倾向于使用信号量或其他尚未涉及的同步原语来同步我们的工作。
Fence必须手动重置,使其回到无信号状态。这是因为Fence用于控制主机的执行,因此主机可以决定何时重置Fence。这与用于在没有主机参与的情况下在GPU上命令工作的信号量形成对比。
总之,信号量用于指定GPU上操作的执行顺序,而Fence用于保持CPU和GPU彼此同步。
我们有两个同步原语要使用,并且方便地在两个地方应用同步:交换链操作和等待前一帧完成。我们希望使用信号量进行交换链操作,因为它们发生在GPU上,因此我们不想让主机等待。对于等待前一帧结束,我们想使用栅栏的原因正好相反,因为我们需要主机等待。这样我们就不会一次绘制多个帧。因为我们每一帧都重新记录命令缓冲区,所以在当前帧完成执行之前,我们无法将下一帧的工作记录到命令缓冲区,因为我们不想在GPU使用指令缓冲区时覆盖它的当前内容。
创建同步对象
我们需要一个信号量来表示图像已经从交换链中获取并准备好进行渲染,另一个信号量来表示渲染已经完成并可以进行呈现,还有一个栅栏来确保一次只渲染一帧。
创建信号量和栅栏,需要填写 VkSemaphoreCreateInfo 和VkFenceCreateInfo结构体,但对于目前版本的 Vulkan 来说,结构体只有一个 sType 成员变量需要我们填写,最后在程序结束时清除这两个同步对象。
VkSemaphore imageAvailableSemaphore;
VkSemaphore renderFinishedSemaphore;
VkFence inFlightFence;
void createSyncObjects() {
VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo{};
semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;
VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo{};
fenceInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;
if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &imageAvailableSemaphore) != VK_SUCCESS ||
vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &renderFinishedSemaphore) != VK_SUCCESS ||
vkCreateFence(device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &inFlightFence) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create semaphores!");
}
}
void cleanup() {
vkDestroySemaphore(device, imageAvailableSemaphore, nullptr);
vkDestroySemaphore(device, renderFinishedSemaphore, nullptr);
vkDestroyFence(device, inFlightFence, nullptr);
}
渲染与显示
等待前一帧绘制结束
在每一帧绘制开始时,我们希望等到上一帧完成,以便命令缓冲区和信号量可用。为此,我们调用vkWaitForFences。vkWaitForFences函数接受一个Fence数组,并在返回之前在主机上等待任何一个或所有的栅栏发出信号。我们在这里传递的VK_TRUE表明我们希望等待所有的fence,但是对于单个的情况,这并不重要。这个函数还有一个超时参数,我们将其设置为64位无符号整数UINT64_MAX的最大值,这有效地禁用了超时。
等待之后,我们需要使用vkResetFences调用手动将fence重置为unsignaled状态。
在第一帧中,我们调用drawFrame(),它会立即等待inFlightFence发出信号。flightfence仅在一帧完成渲染后发出信号,但由于这是第一帧,因此没有之前的帧可以向fence发出信号!因此,vkWaitForFences()无限期地阻塞,等待永远不会发生的事情。在解决这个难题的许多解决方案中,有一个聪明的解决方案内置于API中。在有信号状态下创建栅栏,这样对vkWaitForFences()的第一次调用就会立即返回,因为Fence已经有信号了。
void drawFrame() {
vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &inFlightFence, VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
vkResetFences(device, 1, &inFlightFence);
}
从交换链获取图像
我们在 drawFrame 函数中进行的第一个操作是从交换链获取一张图像。这可以通过调用 vkAcquireNextImageKHR 函数完成,可以看到 vkAcquireNextImageKHR 函数的函数名带有一个 KHR 后缀,这是因为交换链是一个扩展特性,所以与它相关的操作都会有 KHR 这一扩展后缀:
void drawFrame() {
uint32_t imageIndex;
vkAcquireNextImageKHR(device, swapChain, UINT64_MAX, imageAvailableSemaphore, VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex);
}
vkAcquireNextImageKHR的前两个参数是逻辑设备和我们希望从中获取映像的交换链。第三个参数指定映像可用的超时(以纳秒为单位)。使用64位无符号整数的最大值意味着我们有效地禁用了超时。
接下来的两个参数指定了当表示引擎使用图像完成时将发出信号的同步对象。这是我们可以开始绘制它的时间点。可以指定一个信号量、fence或两者都指定。我们将使用imageAvailableSemaphore来实现这个目的。
vkAcquireNextImageKHR 函数的最后一个参数用于输出可用的交换链图像的索引,我们使用这个索引来引用我们 的 swapChainImages 数组中的 VkImage 对象,并使用这一索引来提交对应的指令缓冲。
记录指令缓冲
有了imageIndex指定的要使用的交换链图像,我们现在可以记录指令缓冲区了。首先,我们在指令缓冲区上调用vkResetCommandBuffer,以确保它能够被记录。vkResetCommandBuffer可以将指令缓冲区重置为初始状态。
vkResetCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, 0);
vkResetCommandBuffer的第二个参数是VkCommandBufferResetFlagBits标志。因为我们不想做什么特别的事,我们把它保留为0。
然后调用recordCommandBuffer函数来记录我们想要的命令。
recordCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, imageIndex);
提交指令缓冲
我们通过 VkSubmitInfo 结构体来提交信息给指令队列。
// Provided by VK_VERSION_1_0
typedef struct VkSubmitInfo {
VkStructureType sType;
const void* pNext;
uint32_t waitSemaphoreCount;
const VkSemaphore* pWaitSemaphores;
const VkPipelineStageFlags* pWaitDstStageMask;
uint32_t commandBufferCount;
const VkCommandBuffer* pCommandBuffers;
uint32_t signalSemaphoreCount;
const VkSemaphore* pSignalSemaphores;
} VkSubmitInfo;
waitSemaphoreCount:
在执行批处理的指令缓冲区之前等待的信号量的数量。
pWaitSemaphores:
是指向 VkSemaphore句柄数组的指针,在此批处理的命令缓冲区开始执行之前,要等待该句柄数组。如果提供了等待的信号量,则定义一个 semaphore wait operation。
pWaitDstStageMask:
是一个指针,指向一个管线阶段数组,每个相应的信号量等待将在这些阶段发生。
commandBufferCount:
批处理中要执行的指令缓冲区的数目。
pCommandBuffers:
指向要在批处理中执行的VkCommandBuffer句柄数组的指针。
signalSemaphoreCount:
是在pCommandBuffers中指定的指令完成执行后要发出信号的信号量的数量。
pSignalSemaphores:
是一个指向VkSemaphore句柄数组的指针,当这批命令缓冲区完成执行时,它将被发出信号。如果提供了要发出信号的信号量,则它们定义了一个semaphore signal operation。
VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{};
submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = {imageAvailableSemaphore};
VkPipelineStageFlags waitStages[] = {VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT};
submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = waitSemaphores;
submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = waitStages;
submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffer;
VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = {renderFinishedSemaphore};
submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores;
前三个参数指定在执行开始前等待哪个信号量,以及在管道的哪个阶段等待。我们希望等待将颜色写入图像,直到它可用为止,因此我们指定了写入颜色附件的图形管线的阶段。这意味着理论上实现已经可以开始执行我们的顶点着色器,而图像还不可用。waitStages数组中的每个条目都对应于pWaitSemaphores中具有相同索引的信号量。接下来的两个参数指定实际提交哪些命令缓冲区以供执行。我们只需提交我们拥有的单个命令缓冲区。
signalsemaphocount和pSignalSemaphores参数指定在命令缓冲区完成执行后发送哪个信号量。在我们的例子中,我们使用renderFinishedSemaphore来达到这个目的。
if (vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, inFlightFence) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to submit draw command buffer!");
}
现在我们可以使用vkqueuessubmit将命令缓冲区提交到图形队列。当工作负载大得多时,该函数接受VkSubmitInfo结构数组作为效率参数。最后一个参数引用了一个可选的fence,当指令缓冲区完成执行时将发出信号。这允许我们知道何时可以安全地重用指令缓冲区,因此我们想要给它flightfence。现在在下一帧中,CPU将等待该命令缓冲区完成执行,然后将新命令记录到其中。
子流程依赖
渲染流程的子流程会自动进行图像布局变换。这一变换过程由子流程的依赖所决定。子流程的依赖包括子流程之间的内存和执行的依赖关系。虽然我们现在只使用了一个子流程,但子流程执行之前和子流程执行之后的操作也被算作隐含的子流程。 在渲染流程开始和结束时会自动进行图像布局变换,但在渲染流程开始时进行的自动变换的时机和我们的需求不符, 变换发生在管线开始时,但那时我们可能还没有获取到交换链图像。有两种方式可以解决这个问题。一个是设置 imageAvailableSemaphore 信号量的 waitStages 为 VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT,确保渲染流程在我们获取交换链图像之前不会开始。一个是设置渲染流程等待 VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT 管线阶段。在这里,为了让读者能够了解子流程依赖如何控制图像布局变换,我们使用第二种方式。
配置子流程依赖需要使用 VkSubpassDependency 结构体。让我们在 createRenderPass 函数添加下面的代码:
VkSubpassDependency dependency{};
dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
dependency.dstSubpass = 0;
dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
dependency.srcAccessMask = 0;
dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 1;
renderPassInfo.pDependencies = &dependency;
srcSubpass 和 dstSubpass 成 员 变 量 用 于 指 定 被 依 赖 的 子 流 程 的 索 引 和 依 赖 被 依 赖 的 子 流 程 的 索 引。 VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL 用来指定我们之前提到的隐含的子流程,对 srcSubpass 成员变量使用表示渲染流 程开始前的子流程,对 dstSubpass 成员使用表示渲染流程结束后的子流程。这里使用的索引 0 是我们之前创建的 子流程的索引。为了避免出现循环依赖,我们给 dstSubpass 设置的值必须始终大于 srcSubpass。
srcStageMask 和 srcAccessMask 接下来的两个字段指定要等待的操作以及这些操作发生的阶段。我们需要等待交换链完成对映像的读取,然后才能访问它。这可以通过等待颜色附件输出阶段本身来完成。
dstStageMask 和 dstAccessMask 成员变量用于指定需要等待的管线阶段和子流程将进行的操作类型。在这里,我们的设置为等待颜色附着的输出阶段,子流程将会进行颜色附着的读写操作。这样设置后,图像布局变换直到必要时才会进行:当我们开始写入颜色数据时。
VkRenderPassCreateInfo 结构体的 dependencyCount 和 pDependencies 成员变量用于指定渲染流程使用的依赖信息。
显示
绘制帧的最后一步是将结果提交回交换链,使其最终显示在屏幕上。表示是通过drawFrame函数末尾的VkPresentInfoKHR结构配置的。
VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo{};
presentInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR;
presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = signalSemaphores;
与VkSubmitInfo一样,前两个参数指定在呈现之前需要等待哪些信号量。因为我们想要等待命令缓冲区完成执行,这样我们的三角形就被绘制出来了,我们获取将要发出信号的信号量并等待它们,因此我们使用signalSemaphores。
VkSwapchainKHR swapChains[] = {swapChain};
presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1;
presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapChains;
presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex;
接着,我们指定了用于呈现图像的交换链,以及需要呈现的图像在交换链中的索引。
presentInfo.pResults = nullptr; // Optional
我们可以通过 pResults 成员变量获取每个交换链的呈现操作是否成功的信息。在这里,由于我们只使用了一个交换链,可以直接使用呈现函数的返回值来判断呈现操作是否成功,没有必要使用 pResults。
vkQueuePresentKHR(presentQueue, &presentInfo)
调用 vkQueuePresentKHR 函数可以请求交换链进行图像呈现操作。在下一章节,我们会对 vkAcquireNextImageKHR 函数和 vkQueuePresentKHR 函数添加错误处理的代码,应对调用它们失败后的情况。 现在如果编译运行程序,当我们关闭应用程序窗口时,我们的程序直接就奔溃了。如果开启了校验层,我们可以从 控制台窗口看到调试回调函数打印的错误信息。
#define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <exception>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <vector>
#include <optional>
#include <set>
#include <algorithm>
#define WIDTH 800
#define HEIGHT 600
#if NDEBUG
const bool enableValidationLayers = false;
#else
const bool enableValidationLayers = true;
#endif // enableValidationLayers
const std::vector<const char*> validationLayers = {
"VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"
};
const std::vector<const char*> deviceExtensions = {
VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME
};
VkResult CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT* pCreateInfo, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT* pCallback) {
auto func = (PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)
vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
if (func != nullptr) {
return func(instance, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pCallback);
}
else {
return VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT;
}
}
void DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator) {
auto func = (PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
if (func != nullptr) {
func(instance, debugMessenger, pAllocator);
}
}
struct QueueFamiliyIndices {
std::optional<uint32_t> graphicsFamily;
std::optional<uint32_t> presentFamily;
bool isCompletion() {
return graphicsFamily.has_value() && presentFamily.has_value();
}
};
struct SwapChainSupportDetails {
VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;
std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats;
std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes;
};
const std::vector<float> vertices = {
0.0f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f
};
class HelloVulkanApplication {
public:
void run() {
initWindow();
initVulkan();
mainLoop();
cleanup();
}
private:
GLFWwindow* window;
VkInstance instance;
VkSurfaceKHR surface;
VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger;
VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice;
VkDevice device;
VkQueue graphicsQueue;
VkQueue presentQueue;
VkSwapchainKHR swapChain;
std::vector<VkImage> swapChainImages;
VkFormat swapChainImageFormat;
VkExtent2D swapChainExtent;
std::vector<VkImageView> swapChainImageViews;
VkRenderPass renderPass;
VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
VkPipeline graphicsPipeline;
VkBuffer vertexBuffer;
VkDeviceMemory vertexBufferMemory;
std::vector<VkFramebuffer> swapChainFramebuffers;
VkCommandPool commandPool;
VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer;
VkSemaphore imageAvailableSemaphore;
VkSemaphore renderFinishedSemaphore;
VkFence inFlightFence;
void initWindow() {
glfwInit();
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GLFW_FALSE);
window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Learn Vulkan", nullptr, nullptr);
}
void initVulkan() {
createInstance();
setupDebugMessenger(); //设置vulkan使用过程中的调试信息
createSurface();
pickPhysicalDevice();
createLogicalDevice();
createSwapChain();
createImageViews();
createRenderPass();
createGraphicsPipeline();
createFramebuffers();
createCommandPool();
createVertexBuffer();
createCommandBuffer();
createSyncObjects();
}
void mainLoop() {
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
glfwPollEvents();
drawFrame();
}
}
void cleanup() {
vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);
for (auto framebuffer : swapChainFramebuffers) {
vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, framebuffer, nullptr);
}
vkDestroyRenderPass(device, renderPass, nullptr);
vkDestroyPipeline(device, graphicsPipeline, nullptr);
for (auto imageView : swapChainImageViews) {
vkDestroyImageView(device, imageView, nullptr);
}
vkDestroyCommandPool(device, commandPool, nullptr);
vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapChain, nullptr);
vkDestroyBuffer(device, vertexBuffer, nullptr);
vkFreeMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory, nullptr);
vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr);
if (enableValidationLayers) {
DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, debugMessenger, nullptr);
}
vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, surface, nullptr);
vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);
glfwDestroyWindow(window);
glfwTerminate();
}
void createInstance() {
if (enableValidationLayers && !checkValidationLayerSupport()) {
throw std::runtime_error("validation layers requested, but not available");
}
VkApplicationInfo appInfo = {};
appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
appInfo.pApplicationName = "Hello Vulkan";
appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine";
appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;
VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo = {};
createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;
std::vector<const char*> extensions = getRequireExtensions();
createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = extensions.size();
createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data();
if (enableValidationLayers) {
createInfo.enabledLayerCount = validationLayers.size();
createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
// 调试vkCreateInstance和vkDestroyInstance
VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugCreateInfo{};
populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(debugCreateInfo);
createInfo.pNext = &debugCreateInfo;
}
else {
createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
createInfo.pNext = nullptr;
}
VkResult result = vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance);
if (vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("Failed to create Vulkan Instance!");
}
}
std::vector<const char*> getRequireExtensions() {
uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
const char** glfwExtensions = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);
std::vector<const char*> extensions(glfwExtensions, glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount);
if (enableValidationLayers) {
extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
}
return extensions;
}
void populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT& createInfo) {
createInfo = {};
createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
createInfo.messageSeverity = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;
createInfo.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;
createInfo.pfnUserCallback = debugCallback;
}
void setupDebugMessenger() {
if (!enableValidationLayers) return;
VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT createInfo;
populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(createInfo);
if (CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, &createInfo, nullptr, &debugMessenger) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to set up debug messenger!");
}
}
bool checkValidationLayerSupport() {
uint32_t layertCount;
vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layertCount, nullptr);
std::vector<VkLayerProperties> availabelLayers(layertCount);
vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layertCount, availabelLayers.data());
for (auto& validationlayer : validationLayers) {
bool layerFound = false;
for (auto& availabelayer : availabelLayers) {
if (strcmp(validationlayer, availabelayer.layerName) == 0) {
layerFound = true;
break;
}
}
if (!layerFound) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
static VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL debugCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity, VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* pCallbackData, void* pUserData) {
std::cerr << "validation layer: " << pCallbackData->pMessage << std::endl;
return VK_FALSE;
}
void createSurface() {
if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(instance, window, nullptr, &surface) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");
}
}
void pickPhysicalDevice() {
uint32_t deivceCount = 0;
vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deivceCount, 0);
std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> Devices(deivceCount);
vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deivceCount, Devices.data());
for (auto& device : Devices) {
if (isDeviceSuitable(device)) {
physicalDevice = device;
break;
}
}
if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
}
}
bool isDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
QueueFamiliyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(device);
bool extensionSupported = checkDeviceExtensionSupport(device);
bool swapChainAdequate = false;
if (extensionSupported) {
SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(device);
swapChainAdequate = !swapChainSupport.formats.empty() && !swapChainSupport.presentModes.empty();
}
return indices.isCompletion() && extensionSupported && swapChainAdequate;
}
QueueFamiliyIndices findQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
QueueFamiliyIndices indice;
uint32_t queueFamilyCount = 0;
vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, nullptr);
std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilies(queueFamilyCount);
vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, queueFamilies.data());
int i = 0;
for (const auto& queueFamily : queueFamilies) {
VkBool32 presentSupport = false;
vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(device, i, surface, &presentSupport);
if (presentSupport) {
indice.presentFamily = i;
}
if (queueFamily.queueCount > 0 && queueFamily.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT && presentSupport) {
indice.graphicsFamily = i;
}
if (indice.isCompletion()) {
break;
}
i++;
}
return indice;
}
bool checkDeviceExtensionSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
uint32_t extensionCount;
vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, nullptr);
std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> availableExtensions(extensionCount);
vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, availableExtensions.data());
std::set<std::string> requiredExtensions(deviceExtensions.begin(), deviceExtensions.end());
for (const auto& extension : availableExtensions) {
requiredExtensions.erase(extension.extensionName);
}
return requiredExtensions.empty();
}
void createLogicalDevice() {
QueueFamiliyIndices indice = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queueCreateInfos;
std::set<uint32_t> uniqueueFamilies = { indice.graphicsFamily.value(),indice.presentFamily.value() };
float queuePriority = 1.0f;
for (uint32_t queueFamily : uniqueueFamilies) {
VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo = {};
queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily;
queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;
queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;
queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo);
}
VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures{};
VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo{};
createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;
createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data();
createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = 1;
createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures;
createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = deviceExtensions.size();
createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data();
if (enableValidationLayers) {
createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
}
else {
createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
}
if (vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create logica device!");
}
vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indice.graphicsFamily.value(), 0, &graphicsQueue);
vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indice.presentFamily.value(), 0, &presentQueue);
}
SwapChainSupportDetails querySwapChainSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
SwapChainSupportDetails details;
vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(device, surface, &details.capabilities);
uint32_t formatCount;
vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, nullptr);
if (formatCount != 0) {
details.formats.resize(formatCount);
vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, details.formats.data());
}
uint32_t presentModeCount;
vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, nullptr);
if (presentModeCount != 0) {
details.presentModes.resize(presentModeCount);
vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, details.presentModes.data());
}
return details;
}
VkSurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(const std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>& availabelFormats) {
for (const auto& availabelFormat : availabelFormats) {
if (availabelFormat.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB && availabelFormat.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) {
return availabelFormat;
}
}
return availabelFormats[0];
}
VkPresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(const std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR>& availablePresentModes) {
for (const auto& availablePresentMode : availablePresentModes) {
if (availablePresentMode == VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR) {
return availablePresentMode;
}
}
return VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;
}
VkExtent2D chooseSwapExtent(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities) {
if (capabilities.currentExtent.width != std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
return capabilities.currentExtent;
}
else {
int width, height;
glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
VkExtent2D actualExtent = {
static_cast<uint32_t>(width),
static_cast<uint32_t>(height)
};
actualExtent.width = std::clamp(actualExtent.width, capabilities.minImageExtent.width, capabilities.maxImageExtent.width);
actualExtent.height = std::clamp(actualExtent.height, capabilities.minImageExtent.height, capabilities.maxImageExtent.height);
}
}
void createSwapChain() {
SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice);
VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat = chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats);
VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes);
VkExtent2D extent = chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities);
uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1;
if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount > 0 && imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) {
imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount;
}
VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo{};
createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
createInfo.surface = surface;
createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;
createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;
createInfo.imageExtent = extent;
createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;
createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;
QueueFamiliyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = { indices.graphicsFamily.value(),indices.presentFamily.value() };
if (indices.graphicsFamily != indices.presentFamily) {
createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;
createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;
}
else {
createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 0;
createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = nullptr;
}
createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform;
createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
createInfo.presentMode = presentMode;
createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE;
createInfo.oldSwapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChain) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create swap chain!");
}
vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr);
swapChainImages.resize(imageCount);
vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, swapChainImages.data());
swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
swapChainExtent = extent;
}
void createImageViews() {
swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size());
for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) {
VkImageViewCreateInfo createInfo{};
createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
createInfo.image = swapChainImages[i];
createInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
createInfo.format = swapChainImageFormat;
createInfo.components.r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
createInfo.components.g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
createInfo.components.b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
createInfo.components.a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
createInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
createInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
createInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
createInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
createInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
if (vkCreateImageView(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChainImageViews[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image views!");
}
}
}
void createRenderPass() {
VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment = {};
colorAttachment.format = swapChainImageFormat;
colorAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
colorAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
colorAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
colorAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;
VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef = {};
colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0;
colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
VkSubpassDescription subpass = {};
subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef;
VkSubpassDependency dependency{};
dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
dependency.dstSubpass = 0;
dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
dependency.srcAccessMask = 0;
dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo = {};
renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
renderPassInfo.pAttachments = &colorAttachment;
renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;
renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 1;
renderPassInfo.pDependencies = &dependency;
if (vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create render pass!");
}
}
void createGraphicsPipeline() {
auto vertShaderCode = readFile("shaders/vert.spv");
auto fragShaderCode = readFile("shaders/frag.spv");
VkShaderModule vertShaderModule = createShaderModule(vertShaderCode);
VkShaderModule fragShaderModule = createShaderModule(fragShaderCode);
VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo{};
vertShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
vertShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
vertShaderStageInfo.module = vertShaderModule;
vertShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";
VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo{};
fragShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
fragShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
fragShaderStageInfo.module = fragShaderModule;
fragShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";
VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = { vertShaderStageInfo, fragShaderStageInfo };
std::vector<VkDynamicState> dynamicStates = {
VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,
VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR
};
//动态阶段
VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState{};
dynamicState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DYNAMIC_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
dynamicState.dynamicStateCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(dynamicStates.size());
dynamicState.pDynamicStates = dynamicStates.data();
//顶点输入
VkVertexInputBindingDescription bindingDescription = {};
bindingDescription.binding = 0;
bindingDescription.stride = 5 * sizeof(float);
bindingDescription.inputRate = VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX;
VkVertexInputAttributeDescription attributeDescriptions[2] = {};
attributeDescriptions[0].binding = 0;
attributeDescriptions[0].location = 0;
attributeDescriptions[0].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT;
attributeDescriptions[0].offset = 0;
attributeDescriptions[1].binding = 0;
attributeDescriptions[1].location = 1;
attributeDescriptions[1].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
attributeDescriptions[1].offset = 2*sizeof(float);
VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo = {};
vertexInputInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
vertexInputInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1;
vertexInputInfo.pVertexBindingDescriptions = &bindingDescription;
vertexInputInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = 2;
vertexInputInfo.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = attributeDescriptions;
//图元装配
VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly = {};
inputAssembly.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
inputAssembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;
inputAssembly.primitiveRestartEnable = false;
//视口
VkViewport viewport = {};
viewport.x = 0.0f;
viewport.y = 0.0f;
viewport.width = (float)swapChainExtent.width;
viewport.height = (float)swapChainExtent.height;
viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;
viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;
//裁剪
VkRect2D scissor = {};
scissor.offset = { 0,0 };
scissor.extent = swapChainExtent;
VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState = {};
viewportState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
viewportState.viewportCount = 1;
viewportState.pViewports = &viewport;
viewportState.scissorCount = 1;
viewportState.pScissors = &scissor;
//光栅化
VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer = {};
rasterizer.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
rasterizer.depthBiasClamp = VK_FALSE;
rasterizer.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE;
rasterizer.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;
rasterizer.lineWidth = 1.0f;
rasterizer.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;
rasterizer.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_CLOCKWISE;
rasterizer.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE;
rasterizer.depthBiasConstantFactor = 0.0f; // Optional
rasterizer.depthBiasClamp = 0.0f; // Optional
rasterizer.depthBiasSlopeFactor = 0.0f; // Optional
//多重采样
VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling{};
multisampling.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
multisampling.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE;
multisampling.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
multisampling.minSampleShading = 1.0f; // Optional
multisampling.pSampleMask = nullptr; // Optional
multisampling.alphaToCoverageEnable = VK_FALSE; // Optional
multisampling.alphaToOneEnable = VK_FALSE; // Optional
//颜色混合
VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment{};
colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_FALSE;
colorBlendAttachment.srcColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE; // Optional
colorBlendAttachment.dstColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO; // Optional
colorBlendAttachment.colorBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD; // Optional
colorBlendAttachment.srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE; // Optional
colorBlendAttachment.dstAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO; // Optional
colorBlendAttachment.alphaBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD; // Optional
VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending{};
colorBlending.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
colorBlending.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE;
colorBlending.logicOp = VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY; // Optional
colorBlending.attachmentCount = 1;
colorBlending.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment;
colorBlending.blendConstants[0] = 0.0f; // Optional
colorBlending.blendConstants[1] = 0.0f; // Optional
colorBlending.blendConstants[2] = 0.0f; // Optional
colorBlending.blendConstants[3] = 0.0f; // Optional
//管线布局
VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo;
pipelineLayoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
pipelineLayoutInfo.pNext = nullptr;
pipelineLayoutInfo.flags = VK_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INDEPENDENT_SETS_BIT_EXT;
pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 0; // Optional
pipelineLayoutInfo.pSetLayouts = nullptr; // Optional
pipelineLayoutInfo.pushConstantRangeCount = 0; // Optional
pipelineLayoutInfo.pPushConstantRanges = nullptr; // Optional
if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create pipeline layout!");
}
VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo = {};
pipelineInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2;
pipelineInfo.pStages = shaderStages;
pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputInfo;
pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly;
pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;
pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizer;
pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampling;
pipelineInfo.pDepthStencilState = nullptr; // Optional
pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlending;
pipelineInfo.pDynamicState = &dynamicState;
pipelineInfo.layout = pipelineLayout;
pipelineInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
pipelineInfo.subpass = 0;
pipelineInfo.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE; // Optional
pipelineInfo.basePipelineIndex = -1; // Optional
if (vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineInfo, nullptr, &graphicsPipeline) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics pipeline!");
}
vkDestroyShaderModule(device, vertShaderModule, nullptr);
vkDestroyShaderModule(device, fragShaderModule, nullptr);
}
VkShaderModule createShaderModule(const std::vector<char>& code) {
VkShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo{};
createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO;
createInfo.codeSize = code.size();
createInfo.pCode = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(code.data());
VkShaderModule shaderModule;
if (vkCreateShaderModule(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create shader module!");
}
return shaderModule;
}
void createVertexBuffer() {
VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo{};
bufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
bufferInfo.size = sizeof(float) * vertices.size();
bufferInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;
bufferInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
if (vkCreateBuffer(device, &bufferInfo, nullptr, &vertexBuffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create vertex buffer!");
}
VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, vertexBuffer, &memRequirements);
VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocaInfo{};
allocaInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
allocaInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
allocaInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);
if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocaInfo, nullptr, &vertexBufferMemory) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate vertex buffer memory!");
}
vkBindBufferMemory(device, vertexBuffer, vertexBufferMemory, 0);
void* data;
vkMapMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory, 0, bufferInfo.size, 0, &data);
memcpy(data, vertices.data(), (size_t)bufferInfo.size);
vkUnmapMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory);
}
void createFramebuffers() {
swapChainFramebuffers.resize(swapChainImageViews.size());
for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
VkImageView attachments[] = { swapChainImageViews[i] };
VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo{};
framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
framebufferInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments;
framebufferInfo.width = swapChainExtent.width;
framebufferInfo.height = swapChainExtent.height;
framebufferInfo.layers = 1;
if (vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &framebufferInfo, nullptr, &swapChainFramebuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create framebuffer!");
}
}
}
void createCommandPool() {
QueueFamiliyIndices queueFamilyIndices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo = {};
poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
poolInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT;
poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.graphicsFamily.value();
if (vkCreateCommandPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &commandPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create command pool!");
}
}
void createCommandBuffer() {
VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
allocInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, &commandBuffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate command buffers!");
}
}
void recordCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint32_t imageIndex) {
VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{};
beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
beginInfo.flags = 0; // Optional
beginInfo.pInheritanceInfo = nullptr; // Optional
if (vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to begin recording command buffer!");
}
VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo{};
renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
renderPassInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
renderPassInfo.framebuffer = swapChainFramebuffers[imageIndex];
renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = { 0, 0 };
renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = swapChainExtent;
VkClearValue clearColor = { {{0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}} };
renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = 1;
renderPassInfo.pClearValues = &clearColor;
vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffer, &renderPassInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, graphicsPipeline);
VkBuffer vertexBuffers[] = { vertexBuffer };
VkDeviceSize offsets[] = { 0 };
vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(commandBuffer, 0, 1, vertexBuffers, offsets);
vkCmdDraw(commandBuffer, static_cast<uint32_t>(vertices.size()), 1, 0, 0);
VkViewport viewport{};
viewport.x = 0.0f;
viewport.y = 0.0f;
viewport.width = static_cast<float>(swapChainExtent.width);
viewport.height = static_cast<float>(swapChainExtent.height);
viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;
viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;
vkCmdSetViewport(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &viewport);
VkRect2D scissor{};
scissor.offset = { 0, 0 };
scissor.extent = swapChainExtent;
vkCmdSetScissor(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &scissor);
vkCmdDraw(commandBuffer, 3, 1, 0, 0);
vkCmdEndRenderPass(commandBuffer);
if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to record command buffer!");
}
}
void createSyncObjects() {
VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo{};
semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;
VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo{};
fenceInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;
if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &imageAvailableSemaphore) != VK_SUCCESS ||
vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &renderFinishedSemaphore) != VK_SUCCESS ||
vkCreateFence(device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &inFlightFence) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to create semaphores!");
}
}
void drawFrame() {
vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &inFlightFence, VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
vkResetFences(device, 1, &inFlightFence);
uint32_t imageIndex;
vkAcquireNextImageKHR(device, swapChain, UINT64_MAX, imageAvailableSemaphore, VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex);
vkResetCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, /*VkCommandBufferResetFlagBits*/ 0);
recordCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, imageIndex);
VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{};
submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = { imageAvailableSemaphore };
VkPipelineStageFlags waitStages[] = { VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT };
submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = waitSemaphores;
submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = waitStages;
submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffer;
VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = { renderFinishedSemaphore };
submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores;
if (vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, inFlightFence) != VK_SUCCESS) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to submit draw command buffer!");
}
VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo{};
presentInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR;
presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = signalSemaphores;
VkSwapchainKHR swapChains[] = { swapChain };
presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1;
presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapChains;
presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex;
vkQueuePresentKHR(presentQueue, &presentInfo);
}
uint32_t findMemoryType(uint32_t typeFilter, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties) {
VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProperties;
vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physicalDevice, &memProperties);
for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
if (typeFilter & (1 << i) && (memProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & properties)) {
return i;
}
}
throw std::runtime_error("failed to find suitable memory type!");
}
static std::vector<char> readFile(const std::string& filename) {
std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);
if (!file.is_open()) {
throw std::runtime_error("failed to open file!");
}
size_t fileSize = (size_t)file.tellg();
std::vector<char> buffer(fileSize);
file.seekg(0);
file.read(buffer.data(), fileSize);
file.close();
return buffer;
}
};
int main() {
HelloVulkanApplication helloVulkan;
try {
helloVulkan.run();
}
catch (const std::exception& e) {
std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}