Vulkan学习笔记【六】多帧并行渲染和窗口缩放

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已于 2024-01-02 00:02:11 修改

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分类专栏： Vulkan学习之路文章标签：学习 c++ opengl 图形渲染

于 2023-09-30 19:36:37 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43469171/article/details/133438476

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多帧并行渲染

之前的渲染过程中，我们需要等待上一帧完成后才能开始渲染下一帧，这导致主机存在不必要的空闲。解决这个问题的方法是允许多个帧同时运行，也就是说，允许一帧的渲染不干扰下一帧的渲染命令的记录。任何在渲染过程中被访问和修改的资源都必须被复制。因此，我们需要多个指令缓冲区、信号量和Fence。

首先我们定义一个变量描述最多可以并发执行多少帧：

const int MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 2;

我们之所以选择最多能够执行两帧是因为我们不希望CPU远远领先于GPU。在两帧的渲染过程中，CPU和GPU可以同时处理自己的任务。如果CPU提前完成，它将等到GPU完成渲染后再提交更多的工作。如果有3帧或更多帧在运行，CPU可能会领先于GPU，从而增加延迟帧数。每一张都应有其对应的缓冲区、信号量和Fence：

std::vector<VkCommandBuffer> commandBuffers;

...

std::vector<VkSemaphore> imageAvailableSemaphores;
std::vector<VkSemaphore> renderFinishedSemaphores;
std::vector<VkFence> inFlightFences;

然后我们需要创建多个命令缓冲区。将createCommandBuffer重命名为createCommandBuffers。接下来，我们需要调整指令缓冲区的数量为MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT，改变VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo以包含许多指令缓冲区。

void createCommandBuffers() {
    commandBuffers.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
    ...
    allocInfo.commandBufferCount = (uint32_t) commandBuffers.size();

    if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, commandBuffers.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate command buffers!");
    }
}

同样地，createSyncObjects函数应该修改为创建所有的对象:

void createSyncObjects() {
    imageAvailableSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
    renderFinishedSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
    inFlightFences.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

    VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo{};
    semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;

    VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo{};
    fenceInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
    fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
        if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &imageAvailableSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
            vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &renderFinishedSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
            vkCreateFence(device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &inFlightFences[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {

            throw std::runtime_error("failed to create synchronization objects for a frame!");
        }
    }
}

为了在每一帧中使用正确的对象，我们需要跟踪当前帧。为此，我们将使用帧索引:

uint32_t currentFrame = 0;

void drawFrame() {
    vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
    vkResetFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame]);

    vkAcquireNextImageKHR(device, swapChain, UINT64_MAX, imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex);

    ...

    vkResetCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[currentFrame],  0);
    recordCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[currentFrame], imageIndex);

    ...

    submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffers[currentFrame];

    ...

    VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = {imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame]};

    ...

    VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = {renderFinishedSemaphores[currentFrame]};

    ...

    if (vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, inFlightFences[currentFrame]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
}

    ...

    currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;

窗口缩放

我们现在的应用程序成功地绘制了一个三角形，但是在某些情况下它还不能正确处理。窗口表面可能会发生变化，从而使交换链不再与其兼容。导致这种情况发生的原因之一是窗口的大小发生了变化。我们必须抓住这些事件，重建交换链。

重建交换链

创建一个新的recreateSwapChain函数，该函数调用createSwapChain和所有依赖于交换链或窗口大小的对象的创建函数。

void recreateSwapChain() {
    vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

    createSwapChain();
    createImageViews();
    createFramebuffers();
}

我们首先调用vkDeviceWaitIdle，等待目前正在使用的资源释放出来。显然，我们必须重新创建交换链本身。需要重新创建视图，因为它们直接基于交换链图像。最后，framebuffer直接依赖于交换链图像，因此也必须重新创建。为了简单起见，我们没有重新创建renderpass。从理论上讲，在应用程序的生命周期内，交换链图像格式可能会发生变化，例如，当将窗口从标准范围移动到高动态范围监视器时。这可能需要应用程序重新创建renderpass，以确保正确反映动态范围之间的变化。

我们将把清理交换链相关对象的方法从cleanup移到cleanupSwapChain:

void cleanupSwapChain() {
    for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainFramebuffers.size(); i++) {
        vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, swapChainFramebuffers[i], nullptr);
    }

    for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) {
        vkDestroyImageView(device, swapChainImageViews[i], nullptr);
    }

    vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapChain, nullptr);
}

void cleanup() {
    cleanupSwapChain();

    vkDestroyPipeline(device, graphicsPipeline, nullptr);
    vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);

    vkDestroyRenderPass(device, renderPass, nullptr);

    for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
        vkDestroySemaphore(device, renderFinishedSemaphores[i], nullptr);
        vkDestroySemaphore(device, imageAvailableSemaphores[i], nullptr);
        vkDestroyFence(device, inFlightFences[i], nullptr);
    }

    vkDestroyCommandPool(device, commandPool, nullptr);

    vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr);

    if (enableValidationLayers) {
        DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, debugMessenger, nullptr);
    }

    vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, surface, nullptr);
    vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);

    glfwDestroyWindow(window);

    glfwTerminate();
}

在chooseSwapExtent中，我们已经查询了新的窗口分辨率，以确保交换链图像具有(新的)正确的大小，因此不需要修改chooseSwapExtent(请记住，在创建交换链时，我们已经必须使用glfwGetFramebufferSize以像素为单位获得表面的分辨率)。
这就是重建交换链所需要的一切!然而，这种方法的缺点是我们需要在创建新的交换链之前停止所有呈现。可以创建一个新的交换链，而从旧交换链在图像上绘制命令仍然是可能的。

交换链不完全匹配和交换链过期

现在我们只需要弄清楚什么时候需要重新创建交换链，并调用我们新的recreateSwapChain函数。幸运的是，Vulkan通常会在显示过程中告诉我们交换链不再足够。vkAcquireNextImageKHR和vkQueuePresentKHR函数可以返回以下特殊值来表示这一点。

VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR:交换链已经与表面不兼容，不能再用于渲染。通常发生在窗口大小调整之后。
VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR:交换链仍然可以用于成功地呈现到表面，但表面属性不再完全匹配。

VkResult result = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(device, swapChain, UINT64_MAX, imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex);

if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
    recreateSwapChain();
    return;
} else if (result != VK_SUCCESS && result != VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
    throw std::runtime_error("failed to acquire swap chain image!");
}

如果在尝试获取图像时发现交换链已过期，则无法再向其显示。因此，我们应该立即重新创建交换链，并在下一个drawFrame调用中再次尝试。
如果交换链不是最优的，您也可以决定这样做，但在这种情况下，我选择继续进行，因为我们已经获得了一个映像。VK_SUCCESS和VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR都被认为是“success”返回代码。

result = vkQueuePresentKHR(presentQueue, &presentInfo);

if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
    recreateSwapChain();
} else if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
    throw std::runtime_error("failed to present swap chain image!");
}

currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;

避免死锁

如果我们现在尝试运行代码，可能会遇到死锁。在调试代码时，我们发现应用程序到达了vkWaitForFences，但没有继续执行下去。这是因为当vkAcquireNextImageKHR返回VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR时，我们重新创建交换链，然后从drawFrame返回。但在此之前，当前框架的Fence被等待和重置。由于我们立即返回，因此不会提交任何工作供执行，并且永远不会发出Fence信号，从而导致vkWaitForFences永远停止。

vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);

uint32_t imageIndex;
VkResult result = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(device, swapChain, UINT64_MAX, imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex);

if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
    recreateSwapChain();
    return;
} else if (result != VK_SUCCESS && result != VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
    throw std::runtime_error("failed to acquire swap chain image!");
}

// Only reset the fence if we are submitting work
vkResetFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame]);

显示处理窗口缩放

尽管许多驱动程序和平台在窗口大小调整后自动触发VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR，但不能保证会发生。这就是为什么我们要添加一些额外的代码来显式地处理大小调整。首先添加一个新的成员变量来标记已经发生了大小调整:

bool framebufferResized = false;

然后应该修改drawFrame函数来检查这个标志:

if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR || framebufferResized) {
    framebufferResized = false;
    recreateSwapChain();
} else if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
    ...
}

在vkQueuePresentKHR之后执行此操作非常重要，以确保信号量处于一致状态，否则可能永远无法正确等待发出信号的信号量。现在我们可以使用GLFW框架中的glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback函数来设置一个回调:

	void initWindow() {
		glfwInit();

		glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);

		window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Learn Vulkan", nullptr, nullptr);
		glfwSetWindowUserPointer(window, this);
		glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebufferResizeCallBack);
	}

	static void framebufferResizeCallBack(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height) {
		auto app = reinterpret_cast<HelloVulkanApplication*>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window));
		app->framebufferResized = true;
	}

窗口最小化

还有另一种情况，交换链可能过时，这是一种特殊的窗口大小调整:窗口最小化。这种情况很特殊，因为它将导致帧缓冲区大小为0。在本教程中，我们将通过扩展recreateSwapChain函数来暂停，直到窗口再次出现在前景中：

void recreateSwapChain() {
    int width = 0, height = 0;
    glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
    while (width == 0 || height == 0) {
        glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
        glfwWaitEvents();
    }

    vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

    ...
}

代码

#define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <exception>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <vector>
#include <optional>
#include <set>
#include <algorithm>

#define WIDTH 800
#define HEIGHT 600

#if NDEBUG
const bool enableValidationLayers = false;
#else
const bool enableValidationLayers = true;
#endif // enableValidationLayers

const std::vector<const char*> validationLayers = {
    "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"
};

const std::vector<const char*> deviceExtensions = {
	VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME
};

VkResult CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT* pCreateInfo, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT* pCallback) {
	auto func = (PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)
		vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
	if (func != nullptr) {
		return func(instance, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pCallback);
	}
	else {
		return VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT;
	}
}

void DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator) {
	auto func = (PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
	if (func != nullptr) {
		func(instance, debugMessenger, pAllocator);
	}
}

struct QueueFamiliyIndices {
	std::optional<uint32_t> graphicsFamily;
	std::optional<uint32_t> presentFamily;

	bool isCompletion() {
		return graphicsFamily.has_value() && presentFamily.has_value();
	}
};

struct SwapChainSupportDetails {
	VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;
	std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats;
	std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes;
};

const int MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 2;

const std::vector<float> vertices = {
	0.0f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
	0.5f,  0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
	-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f
};

class HelloVulkanApplication {
public:
	void run() {
		initWindow();
		initVulkan();
		mainLoop();
		cleanup();
	}

private:
	GLFWwindow* window;

	VkInstance instance;
	VkSurfaceKHR surface;
	VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger;

	VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice;
	VkDevice device;

	VkQueue graphicsQueue;
	VkQueue presentQueue;

	VkSwapchainKHR swapChain;
	std::vector<VkImage> swapChainImages;

	VkFormat swapChainImageFormat;
	VkExtent2D swapChainExtent;

	std::vector<VkImageView> swapChainImageViews;

	VkRenderPass renderPass;
	VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
	VkPipeline graphicsPipeline;

	VkBuffer vertexBuffer;
	VkDeviceMemory vertexBufferMemory;

	std::vector<VkFramebuffer> swapChainFramebuffers;

	VkCommandPool commandPool;
	std::vector<VkCommandBuffer> commandBuffers;

	std::vector<VkSemaphore> imageAvailableSemaphores;
	std::vector<VkSemaphore> renderFinishedSemaphores;
	std::vector<VkFence> inFlightFences;

	bool framebufferResized = false;

	uint32_t currentFrame = 0;

	void initWindow() {
		glfwInit();

		glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);

		window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Learn Vulkan", nullptr, nullptr);
		glfwSetWindowUserPointer(window, this);
		glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebufferResizeCallBack);
	}

	static void framebufferResizeCallBack(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height) {
		auto app = reinterpret_cast<HelloVulkanApplication*>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window));
		app->framebufferResized = true;
	}

	void initVulkan() {
		createInstance();
		setupDebugMessenger();        //设置vulkan使用过程中的调试信息
		createSurface();
		pickPhysicalDevice();
		createLogicalDevice();
		createSwapChain();
		createImageViews();
		createRenderPass();
		createGraphicsPipeline();
		createFramebuffers();
		createCommandPool();
		createVertexBuffer();
		createCommandBuffers();
		createSyncObjects();
	}

	void mainLoop() {
		while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
			glfwPollEvents();
			drawFrame();
		}

		vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
	}

	void cleanupSwapChain() {
		for (auto framebuffer : swapChainFramebuffers) {
			vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, framebuffer, nullptr);
		}

		for (auto imageView : swapChainImageViews) {
			vkDestroyImageView(device, imageView, nullptr);
		}

		vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapChain, nullptr);
	}

	void cleanup() {
		cleanupSwapChain();

		for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
			vkDestroySemaphore(device, renderFinishedSemaphores[i], nullptr);
			vkDestroySemaphore(device, imageAvailableSemaphores[i], nullptr);
			vkDestroyFence(device, inFlightFences[i], nullptr);
		}
		
		vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);

		vkDestroyRenderPass(device, renderPass, nullptr);

		vkDestroyPipeline(device, graphicsPipeline, nullptr);

		vkDestroyCommandPool(device, commandPool, nullptr);	

		vkDestroyBuffer(device, vertexBuffer, nullptr);

		vkFreeMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory, nullptr);

		vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr);

		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, debugMessenger, nullptr);
		}

		vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, surface, nullptr);

		vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);

		glfwDestroyWindow(window);

		glfwTerminate();
	}

	void createInstance() {
		if (enableValidationLayers && !checkValidationLayerSupport()) {
			throw std::runtime_error("validation layers requested, but not available");
		}

		VkApplicationInfo appInfo = {};
		appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
		appInfo.pApplicationName = "Hello Vulkan";
		appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
		appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine";
		appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
		appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;


		VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
		createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;

		std::vector<const char*> extensions = getRequireExtensions();
		createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = extensions.size();
		createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data();

		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = validationLayers.size();
			createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();

			// 调试vkCreateInstance和vkDestroyInstance
			VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugCreateInfo{};
			populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(debugCreateInfo);
			createInfo.pNext = &debugCreateInfo;
		}
		else {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
			createInfo.pNext = nullptr;
		}

		VkResult result = vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance);
		if (vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("Failed to create Vulkan Instance!");
		}
	}

	std::vector<const char*> getRequireExtensions() {
		uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
		const char** glfwExtensions = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);

		std::vector<const char*> extensions(glfwExtensions, glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount);
		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
		}
		return extensions;
	}

	void populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT& createInfo) {
		createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
		createInfo.messageSeverity = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;
		createInfo.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;
		createInfo.pfnUserCallback = debugCallback;
	}

	void setupDebugMessenger() {
		if (!enableValidationLayers) return;

		VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT createInfo;
		populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(createInfo);

		if (CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, &createInfo, nullptr, &debugMessenger) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to set up debug messenger!");
		}
	}

	bool checkValidationLayerSupport() {
		uint32_t layertCount;
		vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layertCount, nullptr);

		std::vector<VkLayerProperties> availabelLayers(layertCount);
		vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layertCount, availabelLayers.data());

		for (auto& validationlayer : validationLayers) {
			bool layerFound = false;
			for (auto& availabelayer : availabelLayers) {
				if (strcmp(validationlayer, availabelayer.layerName) == 0) {
					layerFound = true;
					break;
				}
			}

			if (!layerFound) {
				return false;
			}
		}

		return true;
	}

	static VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL debugCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity, VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* pCallbackData, void* pUserData) {
		std::cerr << "validation layer: " << pCallbackData->pMessage << std::endl;
		return VK_FALSE;
	}

	void createSurface() {
		if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(instance, window, nullptr, &surface) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");
		}
	}

	void pickPhysicalDevice() {
		uint32_t deivceCount = 0;
		vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deivceCount, 0);

		std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> Devices(deivceCount);
		vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deivceCount, Devices.data());
		for (auto& device : Devices) {
			if (isDeviceSuitable(device)) {
				physicalDevice = device;
				break;
			}
		}

		if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
		}
	}

	bool isDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
		QueueFamiliyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(device);

		bool extensionSupported = checkDeviceExtensionSupport(device);

		bool swapChainAdequate = false;
		if (extensionSupported) {
			SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(device);
			swapChainAdequate = !swapChainSupport.formats.empty() && !swapChainSupport.presentModes.empty();
		}

		return indices.isCompletion() && extensionSupported && swapChainAdequate;
	}

	QueueFamiliyIndices findQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
		QueueFamiliyIndices indice;

		uint32_t queueFamilyCount = 0;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, nullptr);

		std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilies(queueFamilyCount);
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, queueFamilies.data());
		int i = 0;
		for (const auto& queueFamily : queueFamilies) {
			VkBool32 presentSupport = false;
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(device, i, surface, &presentSupport);
			if (presentSupport) {
				indice.presentFamily = i;
			}
			if (queueFamily.queueCount > 0 && queueFamily.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT && presentSupport) {
				indice.graphicsFamily = i;
			}
			if (indice.isCompletion()) {
				break;
			}
			i++;
		}

		return indice;
	}

	bool checkDeviceExtensionSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
		uint32_t extensionCount;
		vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, nullptr);

		std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> availableExtensions(extensionCount);
		vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, availableExtensions.data());

		std::set<std::string> requiredExtensions(deviceExtensions.begin(), deviceExtensions.end());

		for (const auto& extension : availableExtensions) {
			requiredExtensions.erase(extension.extensionName);
		}

		return requiredExtensions.empty();
	}

	void createLogicalDevice() {
		QueueFamiliyIndices indice = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
		
		std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queueCreateInfos;
		std::set<uint32_t> uniqueueFamilies = { indice.graphicsFamily.value(),indice.presentFamily.value() };
		float queuePriority = 1.0f;
		for (uint32_t queueFamily : uniqueueFamilies) {
			VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo = {};
			queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
			queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily;
			queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;

			queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;

			queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo);
		}

		VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures{};

		VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo{};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;
		createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data();
		createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = 1;
		createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures;

		createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = deviceExtensions.size();
		createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data();

		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
			createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
		}
		else {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
		}

		if (vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create logica device!");
		}

		vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indice.graphicsFamily.value(), 0, &graphicsQueue);
		vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indice.presentFamily.value(), 0, &presentQueue);
	}

	SwapChainSupportDetails querySwapChainSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
		SwapChainSupportDetails details;

		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(device, surface, &details.capabilities);

		uint32_t formatCount;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, nullptr);

		if (formatCount != 0) {
			details.formats.resize(formatCount);
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, details.formats.data());
		}

		uint32_t presentModeCount;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, nullptr);

		if (presentModeCount != 0) {
			details.presentModes.resize(presentModeCount);
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, details.presentModes.data());
		}

		return details;
	}

	VkSurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(const std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>& availabelFormats) {
		for (const auto& availabelFormat : availabelFormats) {
			if (availabelFormat.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB && availabelFormat.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) {
				return availabelFormat;
			}
		}

		return availabelFormats[0];
	}

	VkPresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(const std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR>& availablePresentModes) {
		for (const auto& availablePresentMode : availablePresentModes) {
			if (availablePresentMode == VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR) {
				return availablePresentMode;
			}
		}

		return VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;
	}

	VkExtent2D chooseSwapExtent(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities) {
		if (capabilities.currentExtent.width != std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
			return capabilities.currentExtent;
		}
		else {
			int width, height;
			glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);

			VkExtent2D actualExtent = {
				static_cast<uint32_t>(width),
				static_cast<uint32_t>(height)
			};

			actualExtent.width = std::clamp(actualExtent.width, capabilities.minImageExtent.width, capabilities.maxImageExtent.width);
			actualExtent.height = std::clamp(actualExtent.height, capabilities.minImageExtent.height, capabilities.maxImageExtent.height);
		}
	}

	void recreateSwapChain() {
		int width = 0, height = 0;
		glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
		while (width == 0 || height == 0) {
			glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
			glfwWaitEvents();
		}
		
		vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

		cleanupSwapChain();

		createSwapChain();
		createImageViews();
		createFramebuffers();
	}

	void createSwapChain() {
		SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice);

		VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat = chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats);
		VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes);
		VkExtent2D extent = chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities);

		uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1;

		if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount > 0 && imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) {
			imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount;
		}

		VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo{};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
		createInfo.surface = surface;
		createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;
		createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
		createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;
		createInfo.imageExtent = extent;
		createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;
		createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;

		QueueFamiliyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
		uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = { indices.graphicsFamily.value(),indices.presentFamily.value() };

		if (indices.graphicsFamily != indices.presentFamily) {
			createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
			createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;
			createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;
		}
		else {
			createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
			createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 0;
			createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = nullptr;
		}

		createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform;
		createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;

		createInfo.presentMode = presentMode;
		createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE;

		createInfo.oldSwapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

		if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChain) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create swap chain!");
		}

		vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr);
		swapChainImages.resize(imageCount);
		vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, swapChainImages.data());

		swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
		swapChainExtent = extent;
	}

	void createImageViews() {
		swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size());

		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) {
			VkImageViewCreateInfo createInfo{};
			createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
			createInfo.image = swapChainImages[i];
			createInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
			createInfo.format = swapChainImageFormat;
			createInfo.components.r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
			createInfo.components.g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
			createInfo.components.b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
			createInfo.components.a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
			createInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
			createInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
			createInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
			createInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
			createInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
			if (vkCreateImageView(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChainImageViews[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image views!");
			}
		}
	}

	void createRenderPass() {
		VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment = {};
		colorAttachment.format = swapChainImageFormat;
		colorAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
		colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
		colorAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
		colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;

		VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef = {};
		colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0;
		colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

		VkSubpassDescription subpass = {};
		subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
		subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
		subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef;


		VkSubpassDependency dependency{};
		dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
		dependency.dstSubpass = 0;
		dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
		dependency.srcAccessMask = 0;
		dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
		dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;

		VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo = {};
		renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
		renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pAttachments = &colorAttachment;
		renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;
		renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pDependencies = &dependency;

		if (vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create render pass!");
		}
	}

	void createGraphicsPipeline() {
		auto vertShaderCode = readFile("shaders/vert.spv");
		auto fragShaderCode = readFile("shaders/frag.spv");

		VkShaderModule vertShaderModule = createShaderModule(vertShaderCode);
		VkShaderModule fragShaderModule = createShaderModule(fragShaderCode);

		VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo{};
		vertShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
		vertShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
		vertShaderStageInfo.module = vertShaderModule;
		vertShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

		VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo{};
		fragShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
		fragShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
		fragShaderStageInfo.module = fragShaderModule;
		fragShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

		VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = { vertShaderStageInfo, fragShaderStageInfo };

		std::vector<VkDynamicState> dynamicStates = {
			VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,
			VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR
		};

		//动态阶段
		VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState{};
		dynamicState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DYNAMIC_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		dynamicState.dynamicStateCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(dynamicStates.size());
		dynamicState.pDynamicStates = dynamicStates.data();

		//顶点输入
		VkVertexInputBindingDescription bindingDescription = {};
		bindingDescription.binding = 0;
		bindingDescription.stride = 5 * sizeof(float);
		bindingDescription.inputRate = VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX;

		VkVertexInputAttributeDescription attributeDescriptions[2] = {};
		attributeDescriptions[0].binding = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[0].location = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[0].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT;
		attributeDescriptions[0].offset = 0;

		attributeDescriptions[1].binding = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[1].location = 1;
		attributeDescriptions[1].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
		attributeDescriptions[1].offset = 2*sizeof(float);

		VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo = {};
		vertexInputInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		vertexInputInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1;
		vertexInputInfo.pVertexBindingDescriptions = &bindingDescription;
		vertexInputInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = 2;
		vertexInputInfo.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = attributeDescriptions;

		//图元装配
		VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly = {};
		inputAssembly.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		inputAssembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;
		inputAssembly.primitiveRestartEnable = false;

		//视口
		VkViewport viewport = {};
		viewport.x = 0.0f;
		viewport.y = 0.0f;
		viewport.width = (float)swapChainExtent.width;
		viewport.height = (float)swapChainExtent.height;
		viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;
		viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;

		//裁剪
		VkRect2D scissor = {};
		scissor.offset = { 0,0 };
		scissor.extent = swapChainExtent;

		VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState = {};
		viewportState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		viewportState.viewportCount = 1;
		viewportState.pViewports = &viewport;
		viewportState.scissorCount = 1;
		viewportState.pScissors = &scissor;

		//光栅化
		VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer = {};
		rasterizer.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		rasterizer.depthBiasClamp = VK_FALSE;
		rasterizer.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE;
		rasterizer.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;
		rasterizer.lineWidth = 1.0f;
		rasterizer.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;
		rasterizer.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_CLOCKWISE;
		rasterizer.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE;
		rasterizer.depthBiasConstantFactor = 0.0f; // Optional
		rasterizer.depthBiasClamp = 0.0f; // Optional
		rasterizer.depthBiasSlopeFactor = 0.0f; // Optional

		//多重采样
		VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling{};
		multisampling.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		multisampling.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE;
		multisampling.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		multisampling.minSampleShading = 1.0f; // Optional
		multisampling.pSampleMask = nullptr; // Optional
		multisampling.alphaToCoverageEnable = VK_FALSE; // Optional
		multisampling.alphaToOneEnable = VK_FALSE; // Optional

		//颜色混合
		VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment{};
		colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
		colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_FALSE;
		colorBlendAttachment.srcColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE; // Optional
		colorBlendAttachment.dstColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO; // Optional
		colorBlendAttachment.colorBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD; // Optional
		colorBlendAttachment.srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE; // Optional
		colorBlendAttachment.dstAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO; // Optional
		colorBlendAttachment.alphaBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD; // Optional

		VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending{};
		colorBlending.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		colorBlending.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE;
		colorBlending.logicOp = VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY; // Optional
		colorBlending.attachmentCount = 1;
		colorBlending.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment;
		colorBlending.blendConstants[0] = 0.0f; // Optional
		colorBlending.blendConstants[1] = 0.0f; // Optional
		colorBlending.blendConstants[2] = 0.0f; // Optional
		colorBlending.blendConstants[3] = 0.0f; // Optional

		//管线布局
		VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo;
		pipelineLayoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
		pipelineLayoutInfo.pNext = nullptr;
		pipelineLayoutInfo.flags = VK_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INDEPENDENT_SETS_BIT_EXT;
		pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 0; // Optional
		pipelineLayoutInfo.pSetLayouts = nullptr; // Optional
		pipelineLayoutInfo.pushConstantRangeCount = 0; // Optional
		pipelineLayoutInfo.pPushConstantRanges = nullptr; // Optional

		if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create pipeline layout!");
		}

		VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo = {};
		pipelineInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
		pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2;
		pipelineInfo.pStages = shaderStages;
		pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputInfo;
		pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly;
		pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;
		pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizer;
		pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampling;
		pipelineInfo.pDepthStencilState = nullptr; // Optional
		pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlending;
		pipelineInfo.pDynamicState = &dynamicState;
		pipelineInfo.layout = pipelineLayout;
		pipelineInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
		pipelineInfo.subpass = 0;
		pipelineInfo.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE; // Optional
		pipelineInfo.basePipelineIndex = -1; // Optional

		if (vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineInfo, nullptr, &graphicsPipeline) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics pipeline!");
		}

		vkDestroyShaderModule(device, vertShaderModule, nullptr);
		vkDestroyShaderModule(device, fragShaderModule, nullptr);
	}

	VkShaderModule createShaderModule(const std::vector<char>& code) {
		VkShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo{};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO;
		createInfo.codeSize = code.size();
		createInfo.pCode = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(code.data());

		VkShaderModule shaderModule;
		if (vkCreateShaderModule(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create shader module!");
		}

		return shaderModule;
	}

	void createVertexBuffer() {
		VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo{};
		bufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
		bufferInfo.size = sizeof(float) * vertices.size();

		bufferInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;
		bufferInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

		if (vkCreateBuffer(device, &bufferInfo, nullptr, &vertexBuffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create vertex buffer!");
		}

		VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
		vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, vertexBuffer, &memRequirements);

		VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocaInfo{};
		allocaInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocaInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
		allocaInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);

		if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocaInfo, nullptr, &vertexBufferMemory) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate vertex buffer memory!");
		}

		vkBindBufferMemory(device, vertexBuffer, vertexBufferMemory, 0);

		void* data;
		vkMapMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory, 0, bufferInfo.size, 0, &data);
		memcpy(data, vertices.data(), (size_t)bufferInfo.size);
		vkUnmapMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory);

	}

	void createFramebuffers() {
		swapChainFramebuffers.resize(swapChainImageViews.size());

		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
			VkImageView attachments[] = { swapChainImageViews[i] };

			VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo{};
			framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
			framebufferInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
			framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
			framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments;
			framebufferInfo.width = swapChainExtent.width;
			framebufferInfo.height = swapChainExtent.height;
			framebufferInfo.layers = 1;

			if (vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &framebufferInfo, nullptr, &swapChainFramebuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to create framebuffer!");
			}
		}
	}

	void createCommandPool() {
		QueueFamiliyIndices queueFamilyIndices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

		VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo = {};
		poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
		poolInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT;
		poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.graphicsFamily.value();

		if (vkCreateCommandPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &commandPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create command pool!");
		}
	}

	void createCommandBuffers() {
		commandBuffers.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
		allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
		allocInfo.commandBufferCount = (uint32_t) commandBuffers.size();

		if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, commandBuffers.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate command buffers!");
		}
	}

	void recordCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint32_t imageIndex) {
		VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{};
		beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
		beginInfo.flags = 0; // Optional
		beginInfo.pInheritanceInfo = nullptr; // Optional

		if (vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to begin recording command buffer!");
		}

		VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo{};
		renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
		renderPassInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
		renderPassInfo.framebuffer = swapChainFramebuffers[imageIndex];
		renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = { 0, 0 };
		renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = swapChainExtent;

		VkClearValue clearColor = { {{0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}} };
		renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pClearValues = &clearColor;

		vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffer, &renderPassInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
		{
			vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, graphicsPipeline);

			VkBuffer vertexBuffers[] = { vertexBuffer };
			VkDeviceSize offsets[] = { 0 };
			vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(commandBuffer, 0, 1, vertexBuffers, offsets);

			VkViewport viewport{};
			viewport.x = 0.0f;
			viewport.y = 0.0f;
			viewport.width = static_cast<float>(swapChainExtent.width);
			viewport.height = static_cast<float>(swapChainExtent.height);
			viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;
			viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;
			vkCmdSetViewport(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &viewport);

			VkRect2D scissor{};
			scissor.offset = { 0, 0 };
			scissor.extent = swapChainExtent;
			vkCmdSetScissor(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &scissor);

			vkCmdDraw(commandBuffer, 3, 1, 0, 0);
		}

		vkCmdEndRenderPass(commandBuffer);

		if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to record command buffer!");
		}
	}

	void createSyncObjects() {
		imageAvailableSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		renderFinishedSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		inFlightFences.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

		VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo{};
		semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;

		VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo{};
		fenceInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
		fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;

		for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
			if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &imageAvailableSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
				vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &renderFinishedSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
				vkCreateFence(device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &inFlightFences[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to create semaphores!");
			}
		}
	}

	void drawFrame() {
		vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);

		uint32_t imageIndex;
		VkResult result = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(device, swapChain, UINT64_MAX, imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex);

		if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
			recreateSwapChain();
			return;
		}
		else if(result != VK_SUCCESS && result != VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to acquire swap chain image!");
		}

		vkResetFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame]);

		vkResetCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[currentFrame], /*VkCommandBufferResetFlagBits*/ 0);
		recordCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[currentFrame], imageIndex);

		VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{};
		submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;

		VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = { imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame]};
		VkPipelineStageFlags waitStages[] = { VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT };
		submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = waitSemaphores;
		submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = waitStages;

		submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffers[currentFrame];

		VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = { renderFinishedSemaphores[currentFrame]};
		submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

		if (vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, inFlightFences[currentFrame]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to submit draw command buffer!");
		}

		VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo{};
		presentInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR;

		presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
		presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

		VkSwapchainKHR swapChains[] = { swapChain };
		presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1;
		presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapChains;

		presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex;

		result = vkQueuePresentKHR(presentQueue, &presentInfo);

		if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR || framebufferResized) {
			framebufferResized = false;
			recreateSwapChain();
		}
		else if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to present swap chain image!");
		}

		currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
	}

	uint32_t findMemoryType(uint32_t typeFilter, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties) {
		VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProperties;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physicalDevice, &memProperties);
		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
			if (typeFilter & (1 << i) && (memProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & properties)) {
				return i;
			}
		}

		throw std::runtime_error("failed to find suitable memory type!");
	}

	static std::vector<char> readFile(const std::string& filename) {
		std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);
		if (!file.is_open()) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to open file!");
		}
		
		size_t fileSize = (size_t)file.tellg();
		std::vector<char> buffer(fileSize);
		file.seekg(0);
		file.read(buffer.data(), fileSize);

		file.close();
		
		return buffer;
	}
};

int main() {
	HelloVulkanApplication helloVulkan;

	try {
		helloVulkan.run();
	}
	catch (const std::exception& e) {
		std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
		return EXIT_FAILURE;
	}

	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

w还是晒太阳吧

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Vulkan学习笔记【六】多帧并行渲染和窗口缩放

从理论上讲，在应用程序的生命周期内，交换链图像格式可能会发生变化，例如，当将窗口从标准范围移动到高动态范围监视器时。在chooseSwapExtent中，我们已经查询了新的窗口分辨率，以确保交换链图像具有(新的)正确的大小，因此不需要修改chooseSwapExtent(请记住，在创建交换链时，我们已经必须使用glfwGetFramebufferSize以像素为单位获得表面的分辨率)。如果交换链不是最优的，您也可以决定这样做，但在这种情况下，我选择继续进行，因为我们已经获得了一个映像。
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