Vulkan学习笔记【七】缓冲

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分类专栏： Vulkan学习之路文章标签：学习算法 c++ 图形渲染 opengl

于 2023-10-05 12:46:20 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43469171/article/details/133563404

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暂存缓冲区（Staging buffer）

我们现在拥有的顶点缓冲区工作正常，但是允许我们从CPU访问它的内存类型可能不是显卡本身读取的最佳内存类型。最优的内存有VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT标志，专用显卡上的内存空间CPU通常无法直接访问。我们将创建两个顶点缓冲区。一个是在CPU可访问内存中的过渡缓冲区用于从顶点数组上传数据，最后一个是在设备本地内存中的顶点缓冲区。然后，我们将使用缓冲区复制命令将数据从暂存缓冲区移动到实际的顶点缓冲区。

缓冲区复制命令需要一个支持传输操作的队列族，使用VK_QUEUE_TRANSFER_BIT表示。好消息是，任何具有VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT或VK_QUEUE_COMPUTE_BIT功能的队列族都已经隐式地支持VK_QUEUE_TRANSFER_BIT操作。

缓冲区创建

因为我们将在本章中创建多个缓冲区，所以我们可以将缓冲区创建移到辅助函数。创建一个新函数createBuffer，并将createVertexBuffer中的代码抽离到它(除了映射)。

void createBuffer(VkDeviceSize size, VkBufferUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties, VkBuffer& buffer, VkDeviceMemory& bufferMemory) {
    VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo{};
    bufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
    bufferInfo.size = size;
    bufferInfo.usage = usage;
    bufferInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

    if (vkCreateBuffer(device, &bufferInfo, nullptr, &buffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to create buffer!");
    }

    VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
    vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, buffer, &memRequirements);

    VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
    allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
    allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
    allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties);

    if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &bufferMemory) != VK_SUCCESS) {
        throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate buffer memory!");
    }

    vkBindBufferMemory(device, buffer, bufferMemory, 0);
}

createBuffer函数前三个参数为缓冲区大小、内存属性和使用情况，以便我们可以使用此函数创建许多不同类型的缓冲区，最后两个参数是要写入句柄的输出变量。

使用暂存缓冲区

我们现在要改变createVertexBuffer，只使用一个主机可见缓冲区作为临时缓冲区，并使用一个设备本地缓冲区作为实际顶点缓冲区。

void createVertexBuffer() {
    VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(vertices[0]) * vertices.size();

    VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
    VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
    createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

    void* data;
    vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);
        memcpy(data, vertices.data(), (size_t) bufferSize);
    vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

    createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, vertexBuffer, vertexBufferMemory);
}

我们现在使用一个新的stagingBuffer和stagingBufferMemory来映射和复制顶点数据。在创建缓冲区时我将分别指定不同的标志位:

VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT:缓冲区可以用作内存传输操作的源。
VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT:缓冲区可以用作内存传输操作的目标。

vertexBuffer现在是从设备本地的内存类型分配的，这通常意味着我们不能使用vkMapMemory。但是，我们可以将数据从stagingBuffer复制到vertexBuffer。我们必须通过指定stagingBuffer的传输源标志和vertexBuffer的传输目标标志，以及顶点缓冲区用法标志位。

内存传输操作使用指令缓冲区执行，就像绘制命令一样。因此，我们必须首先分配一个临时指令缓冲区。您可能希望为这些类型的暂存缓冲区创建一个单独的命令池，因为实现可能会应用内存分配优化。在这种情况下，应该在指令池生成期间使用VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_TRANSIENT_BIT标志，然后开始记录指令缓冲。

void copyBuffer(VkBuffer srcBuffer, VkBuffer dstBuffer, VkDeviceSize size) {
    VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
    allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
    allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
    allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
    allocInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;

    VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer;
    vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, &commandBuffer);
}

我们只使用一次指令缓冲，并等待从函数返回，直到复制操作完成执行，使用VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT告诉驱动程序我们的意图。使用vkCmdCopyBuffer命令传输缓冲区的内容。它接受源缓冲区和目标缓冲区作为参数，以及要复制的内存区域数组。内存区域在VkBufferCopy结构体中定义，由源缓冲区偏移量、目标缓冲区偏移量和大小组成。与vkMapMemory命令不同，这里不可能指定VK_WHOLE_SIZE。

VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{};
beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
beginInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT;

vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo);

VkBufferCopy copyRegion{};
copyRegion.srcOffset = 0; // Optional
copyRegion.dstOffset = 0; // Optional
copyRegion.size = size;
vkCmdCopyBuffer(commandBuffer, srcBuffer, dstBuffer, 1, &copyRegion);

vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer);

该指令缓冲区只包含复制命令，因此我们可以在此之后立即停止记录。现在执行命令缓冲区来完成传输:

VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{};
submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffer;

vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
vkQueueWaitIdle(graphicsQueue);

vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, 1, &commandBuffer);

现在我们可以从createVertexBuffer函数中调用copyBuffer来将顶点数据移动到设备本地缓冲区:

createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, vertexBuffer, vertexBufferMemory);

copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, vertexBuffer, bufferSize);

vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);

应该注意的是，在实际应用程序中，您不应该为每个单独的缓冲区调用vkallocatemmemory。同时内存分配的最大数量受到maxMemoryAllocationCount物理设备限制的限制，即使在像NVIDIA GTX 1080这样的高端硬件上，该限制也可能低至4096。同时为大量对象分配内存的正确方法是创建一个自定义分配器，该分配器使用我们在许多函数中看到的偏移量参数，将单个分配分配给许多不同的对象。

索引缓冲区（Index buffer）

在很多应用程序中渲染的3D网格通常会在多个三角形之间共享顶点。例如简单绘制一个矩形:

绘制一个矩形需要两个三角形，这意味着我们需要一个有6个顶点的顶点缓冲区。问题是存在两个顶点的数据是重复的，导致50%的冗余。对于更复杂的网格，它只会变得更糟，其中顶点在平均3个三角形中重复使用。这个问题的解决方案是使用索引缓冲区。

索引缓冲区本质上是指向顶点缓冲区的指针数组。它允许您重新排序顶点数据，并为多个顶点重用现有数据。上面的插图演示了如果我们有一个包含四个唯一顶点的顶点缓冲区，那么矩形的索引缓冲区将是什么样子。前三个索引定义右上方三角形，后三个索引定义左下方三角形的顶点。

创建索引缓冲区

与创建顶点缓冲区类似，我们同样创建一个暂存缓冲区，然后将索引数据写入到暂存缓冲区中并将其复制到索引缓冲区中。现在我们指定如上图所示的顶点索引数据并将其放入到索引缓冲区中。

const std::vector<Vertex> vertices = {
    {{-0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}},
    {{0.5f, -0.5f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}},
    {{0.5f, 0.5f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
    {{-0.5f, 0.5f}, {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}}
};

const std::vector<uint16_t> indices = {
    0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0
};

左上角是红色，右上角是绿色，右下角是蓝色，左下角是白色。我们将添加一个新的数组indexes来表示索引缓冲区的内容。它应该匹配插图中的索引，以绘制右上三角形和左下三角形。根据顶点中的条目数量，可以使用uint16_t或uint32_t作为索引缓冲区。我们现在可以坚持使用uint16_t，因为我们使用的顶点数量少于65535。

void initVulkan() {
    ...
    createVertexBuffer();
    createIndexBuffer();
    ...
}

void createIndexBuffer() {
    VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(indices[0]) * indices.size();

    VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
    VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
    createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

    void* data;
    vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);
    memcpy(data, indices.data(), (size_t) bufferSize);
    vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

    createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, indexBuffer, indexBufferMemory);

    copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, indexBuffer, bufferSize);

    vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
    vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);
}

与创建顶点缓冲区只有两个显著的区别。bufferSize现在等于索引的数量乘以索引类型的大小，或者是uint16_t或者是uint32_t。indexBuffer的用法应该是VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT而不是VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT。除此之外，整个过程是完全一样的。我们创建一个暂存缓冲区复制指数的内容,然后将其复制到最终设备本地索引缓冲区。索引缓冲区应该在程序结束时清理。

void cleanup() {
    cleanupSwapChain();

    vkDestroyBuffer(device, indexBuffer, nullptr);
    vkFreeMemory(device, indexBufferMemory, nullptr);

    vkDestroyBuffer(device, vertexBuffer, nullptr);
    vkFreeMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory, nullptr);

    ...
}

使用索引缓冲区

使用索引缓冲区进行绘制涉及对recordCommandBuffer的两个更改。我们首先需要像索引缓冲区那样绑定索引缓冲区样。不同之处在于，您只能有一个索引缓冲区。此外不能为每个顶点属性使用不同的索引，所以即使只有一个属性发生变化，我们仍然需要完全复制顶点数据。

vkCmdBindIndexBuffer - Bind an index buffer to a command buffer
// Provided by VK_VERSION_1_0
void vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(
    VkCommandBuffer                             commandBuffer,
    VkBuffer                                    buffer,
    VkDeviceSize                                offset,
    VkIndexType                                 indexType);

索引缓冲区通过vkCmdBindIndexBuffer绑定，vkCmdBindIndexBuffer具有索引缓冲区、字节偏移量和索引数据类型作为参数。如前所述，可能的类型是VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT16和VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32。

仅仅绑定一个索引缓冲区还不能改变任何东西，我们还需要修改绘制命令来告诉Vulkan使用索引缓冲区。删除vkCmdDraw并将其替换为vkCmdDrawIndexed:

vkCmdDrawIndexed(commandBuffer, static_cast<uint32_t>(indices.size()), 1, 0, 0, 0);

vkCmdDrawIndexed - Draw primitives with indexed vertices
// Provided by VK_VERSION_1_0
void vkCmdDrawIndexed(
    VkCommandBuffer                             commandBuffer,
    uint32_t                                    indexCount,
    uint32_t                                    instanceCount,
    uint32_t                                    firstIndex,
    int32_t                                     vertexOffset,
    uint32_t                                    firstInstance);

vkCmdDrawIndexed 函数的使用和 vkCmdDraw 函数类似。除了指令缓冲对象之外的前两个参数用于指定索引的个数和实例的个数。在这里，我们没有使用实例渲染，所以将实例个数设置为 1。fisrtIndex用于指定显卡开始读取索引的位置，偏移值为 1 对应索引数据中的第二个索引。第一个顶点索引位于绑定索引缓冲区内的firstIndex × indexSize + offset的偏移量，其中offset是vkCmdBindIndexBuffer指定的偏移量，indexSize是indexType指定的类型的字节大小。倒数第二个参数是检索顶点数据前加到顶点索引上的数值。最后一个参数用于第一个被渲染的实例的 ID，在这里，我们没有使用它。

代码

#define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <exception>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <vector>
#include <optional>
#include <set>
#include <algorithm>

#define WIDTH 800
#define HEIGHT 600

#if NDEBUG
const bool enableValidationLayers = false;
#else
const bool enableValidationLayers = true;
#endif // enableValidationLayers

const std::vector<const char*> validationLayers = {
    "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"
};

const std::vector<const char*> deviceExtensions = {
	VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME
};

VkResult CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT* pCreateInfo, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT* pCallback) {
	auto func = (PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)
		vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
	if (func != nullptr) {
		return func(instance, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pCallback);
	}
	else {
		return VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT;
	}
}

void DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator) {
	auto func = (PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
	if (func != nullptr) {
		func(instance, debugMessenger, pAllocator);
	}
}

struct QueueFamiliyIndices {
	std::optional<uint32_t> graphicsFamily;
	std::optional<uint32_t> presentFamily;

	bool isCompletion() {
		return graphicsFamily.has_value() && presentFamily.has_value();
	}
};

struct SwapChainSupportDetails {
	VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;
	std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats;
	std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes;
};

const int MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 2;

const std::vector<float> vertices = {
	-0.5f, -0.5f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
	 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
	 0.5f,  0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
	-0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
};

const std::vector<uint16_t> indices = {
	0,1,2,2,3,0
};

class HelloVulkanApplication {
public:
	void run() {
		initWindow();
		initVulkan();
		mainLoop();
		cleanup();
	}

private:
	GLFWwindow* window;

	VkInstance instance;
	VkSurfaceKHR surface;
	VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger;

	VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice;
	VkDevice device;

	VkQueue graphicsQueue;
	VkQueue presentQueue;

	VkSwapchainKHR swapChain;
	std::vector<VkImage> swapChainImages;

	VkFormat swapChainImageFormat;
	VkExtent2D swapChainExtent;

	std::vector<VkImageView> swapChainImageViews;

	VkRenderPass renderPass;
	VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
	VkPipeline graphicsPipeline;

	VkBuffer vertexBuffer;
	VkDeviceMemory vertexBufferMemory;
	VkBuffer indexBuffer;
	VkDeviceMemory indexBufferMemory;

	std::vector<VkFramebuffer> swapChainFramebuffers;

	VkCommandPool commandPool;
	std::vector<VkCommandBuffer> commandBuffers;

	std::vector<VkSemaphore> imageAvailableSemaphores;
	std::vector<VkSemaphore> renderFinishedSemaphores;
	std::vector<VkFence> inFlightFences;

	bool framebufferResized = false;

	uint32_t currentFrame = 0;

	void initWindow() {
		glfwInit();

		glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);

		window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Learn Vulkan", nullptr, nullptr);
		glfwSetWindowUserPointer(window, this);
		glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebufferResizeCallBack);
	}

	static void framebufferResizeCallBack(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height) {
		auto app = reinterpret_cast<HelloVulkanApplication*>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window));
		app->framebufferResized = true;
	}

	void initVulkan() {
		createInstance();
		setupDebugMessenger();        //设置vulkan使用过程中的调试信息
		createSurface();
		pickPhysicalDevice();
		createLogicalDevice();
		createSwapChain();
		createImageViews();
		createRenderPass();
		createGraphicsPipeline();
		createFramebuffers();
		createCommandPool();
		createVertexBuffer();
		createIndexBuffer();
		createCommandBuffers();
		createSyncObjects();
	}

	void mainLoop() {
		while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
			glfwPollEvents();
			drawFrame();
		}

		vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
	}

	void cleanupSwapChain() {
		for (auto framebuffer : swapChainFramebuffers) {
			vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, framebuffer, nullptr);
		}

		for (auto imageView : swapChainImageViews) {
			vkDestroyImageView(device, imageView, nullptr);
		}

		vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapChain, nullptr);
	}

	void cleanup() {
		cleanupSwapChain();

		for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
			vkDestroySemaphore(device, renderFinishedSemaphores[i], nullptr);
			vkDestroySemaphore(device, imageAvailableSemaphores[i], nullptr);
			vkDestroyFence(device, inFlightFences[i], nullptr);
		}
		
		vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);

		vkDestroyRenderPass(device, renderPass, nullptr);

		vkDestroyPipeline(device, graphicsPipeline, nullptr);

		vkDestroyCommandPool(device, commandPool, nullptr);	

		vkDestroyBuffer(device, vertexBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory, nullptr);

		vkDestroyBuffer(device, indexBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, indexBufferMemory, nullptr);

		vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr);

		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, debugMessenger, nullptr);
		}

		vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, surface, nullptr);

		vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);

		glfwDestroyWindow(window);

		glfwTerminate();
	}

	void createInstance() {
		if (enableValidationLayers && !checkValidationLayerSupport()) {
			throw std::runtime_error("validation layers requested, but not available");
		}

		VkApplicationInfo appInfo = {};
		appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
		appInfo.pApplicationName = "Hello Vulkan";
		appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
		appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine";
		appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
		appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;


		VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
		createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;

		std::vector<const char*> extensions = getRequireExtensions();
		createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = extensions.size();
		createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data();

		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = validationLayers.size();
			createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();

			// 调试vkCreateInstance和vkDestroyInstance
			VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugCreateInfo{};
			populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(debugCreateInfo);
			createInfo.pNext = &debugCreateInfo;
		}
		else {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
			createInfo.pNext = nullptr;
		}

		VkResult result = vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance);
		if (vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("Failed to create Vulkan Instance!");
		}
	}

	std::vector<const char*> getRequireExtensions() {
		uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
		const char** glfwExtensions = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);

		std::vector<const char*> extensions(glfwExtensions, glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount);
		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
		}
		return extensions;
	}

	void populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT& createInfo) {
		createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
		createInfo.messageSeverity = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;
		createInfo.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;
		createInfo.pfnUserCallback = debugCallback;
	}

	void setupDebugMessenger() {
		if (!enableValidationLayers) return;

		VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT createInfo;
		populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(createInfo);

		if (CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, &createInfo, nullptr, &debugMessenger) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to set up debug messenger!");
		}
	}

	bool checkValidationLayerSupport() {
		uint32_t layertCount;
		vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layertCount, nullptr);

		std::vector<VkLayerProperties> availabelLayers(layertCount);
		vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layertCount, availabelLayers.data());

		for (auto& validationlayer : validationLayers) {
			bool layerFound = false;
			for (auto& availabelayer : availabelLayers) {
				if (strcmp(validationlayer, availabelayer.layerName) == 0) {
					layerFound = true;
					break;
				}
			}

			if (!layerFound) {
				return false;
			}
		}

		return true;
	}

	static VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL debugCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity, VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* pCallbackData, void* pUserData) {
		std::cerr << "validation layer: " << pCallbackData->pMessage << std::endl;
		return VK_FALSE;
	}

	void createSurface() {
		if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(instance, window, nullptr, &surface) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");
		}
	}

	void pickPhysicalDevice() {
		uint32_t deivceCount = 0;
		vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deivceCount, 0);

		std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> Devices(deivceCount);
		vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deivceCount, Devices.data());
		for (auto& device : Devices) {
			if (isDeviceSuitable(device)) {
				physicalDevice = device;
				break;
			}
		}

		if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
		}
	}

	bool isDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
		QueueFamiliyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(device);

		bool extensionSupported = checkDeviceExtensionSupport(device);

		bool swapChainAdequate = false;
		if (extensionSupported) {
			SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(device);
			swapChainAdequate = !swapChainSupport.formats.empty() && !swapChainSupport.presentModes.empty();
		}

		return indices.isCompletion() && extensionSupported && swapChainAdequate;
	}

	QueueFamiliyIndices findQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
		QueueFamiliyIndices indice;

		uint32_t queueFamilyCount = 0;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, nullptr);

		std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilies(queueFamilyCount);
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, queueFamilies.data());
		int i = 0;
		for (const auto& queueFamily : queueFamilies) {
			VkBool32 presentSupport = false;
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(device, i, surface, &presentSupport);
			if (presentSupport) {
				indice.presentFamily = i;
			}
			if (queueFamily.queueCount > 0 && queueFamily.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT && presentSupport) {
				indice.graphicsFamily = i;
			}
			if (indice.isCompletion()) {
				break;
			}
			i++;
		}

		return indice;
	}

	bool checkDeviceExtensionSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
		uint32_t extensionCount;
		vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, nullptr);

		std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> availableExtensions(extensionCount);
		vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, availableExtensions.data());

		std::set<std::string> requiredExtensions(deviceExtensions.begin(), deviceExtensions.end());

		for (const auto& extension : availableExtensions) {
			requiredExtensions.erase(extension.extensionName);
		}

		return requiredExtensions.empty();
	}

	void createLogicalDevice() {
		QueueFamiliyIndices indice = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
		
		std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queueCreateInfos;
		std::set<uint32_t> uniqueueFamilies = { indice.graphicsFamily.value(),indice.presentFamily.value() };
		float queuePriority = 1.0f;
		for (uint32_t queueFamily : uniqueueFamilies) {
			VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo = {};
			queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
			queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily;
			queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;

			queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;

			queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo);
		}

		VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures{};

		VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo{};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;
		createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data();
		createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = 1;
		createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures;

		createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = deviceExtensions.size();
		createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data();

		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
			createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
		}
		else {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
		}

		if (vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create logica device!");
		}

		vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indice.graphicsFamily.value(), 0, &graphicsQueue);
		vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indice.presentFamily.value(), 0, &presentQueue);
	}

	SwapChainSupportDetails querySwapChainSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
		SwapChainSupportDetails details;

		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(device, surface, &details.capabilities);

		uint32_t formatCount;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, nullptr);

		if (formatCount != 0) {
			details.formats.resize(formatCount);
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, details.formats.data());
		}

		uint32_t presentModeCount;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, nullptr);

		if (presentModeCount != 0) {
			details.presentModes.resize(presentModeCount);
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, details.presentModes.data());
		}

		return details;
	}

	VkSurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(const std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>& availabelFormats) {
		for (const auto& availabelFormat : availabelFormats) {
			if (availabelFormat.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB && availabelFormat.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) {
				return availabelFormat;
			}
		}

		return availabelFormats[0];
	}

	VkPresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(const std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR>& availablePresentModes) {
		for (const auto& availablePresentMode : availablePresentModes) {
			if (availablePresentMode == VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR) {
				return availablePresentMode;
			}
		}

		return VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;
	}

	VkExtent2D chooseSwapExtent(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities) {
		if (capabilities.currentExtent.width != std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
			return capabilities.currentExtent;
		}
		else {
			int width, height;
			glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);

			VkExtent2D actualExtent = {
				static_cast<uint32_t>(width),
				static_cast<uint32_t>(height)
			};

			actualExtent.width = std::clamp(actualExtent.width, capabilities.minImageExtent.width, capabilities.maxImageExtent.width);
			actualExtent.height = std::clamp(actualExtent.height, capabilities.minImageExtent.height, capabilities.maxImageExtent.height);
		}
	}

	void recreateSwapChain() {
		int width = 0, height = 0;
		glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
		while (width == 0 || height == 0) {
			glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
			glfwWaitEvents();
		}
		
		vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

		cleanupSwapChain();

		createSwapChain();
		createImageViews();
		createFramebuffers();
	}

	void createSwapChain() {
		SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice);

		VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat = chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats);
		VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes);
		VkExtent2D extent = chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities);

		uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1;

		if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount > 0 && imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) {
			imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount;
		}

		VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo{};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
		createInfo.surface = surface;
		createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;
		createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
		createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;
		createInfo.imageExtent = extent;
		createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;
		createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;

		QueueFamiliyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
		uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = { indices.graphicsFamily.value(),indices.presentFamily.value() };

		if (indices.graphicsFamily != indices.presentFamily) {
			createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
			createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;
			createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;
		}
		else {
			createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
			createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 0;
			createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = nullptr;
		}

		createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform;
		createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;

		createInfo.presentMode = presentMode;
		createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE;

		createInfo.oldSwapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

		if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChain) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create swap chain!");
		}

		vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr);
		swapChainImages.resize(imageCount);
		vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, swapChainImages.data());

		swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
		swapChainExtent = extent;
	}

	void createImageViews() {
		swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size());

		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) {
			VkImageViewCreateInfo createInfo{};
			createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
			createInfo.image = swapChainImages[i];
			createInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
			createInfo.format = swapChainImageFormat;
			createInfo.components.r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
			createInfo.components.g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
			createInfo.components.b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
			createInfo.components.a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
			createInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
			createInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
			createInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
			createInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
			createInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
			if (vkCreateImageView(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChainImageViews[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image views!");
			}
		}
	}

	void createRenderPass() {
		VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment = {};
		colorAttachment.format = swapChainImageFormat;
		colorAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
		colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
		colorAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
		colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;

		VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef = {};
		colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0;
		colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

		VkSubpassDescription subpass = {};
		subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
		subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
		subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef;


		VkSubpassDependency dependency{};
		dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
		dependency.dstSubpass = 0;
		dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
		dependency.srcAccessMask = 0;
		dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
		dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;

		VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo = {};
		renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
		renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pAttachments = &colorAttachment;
		renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;
		renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pDependencies = &dependency;

		if (vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create render pass!");
		}
	}

	void createGraphicsPipeline() {
		auto vertShaderCode = readFile("shaders/vert.spv");
		auto fragShaderCode = readFile("shaders/frag.spv");

		VkShaderModule vertShaderModule = createShaderModule(vertShaderCode);
		VkShaderModule fragShaderModule = createShaderModule(fragShaderCode);

		VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo{};
		vertShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
		vertShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
		vertShaderStageInfo.module = vertShaderModule;
		vertShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

		VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo{};
		fragShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
		fragShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
		fragShaderStageInfo.module = fragShaderModule;
		fragShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

		VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = { vertShaderStageInfo, fragShaderStageInfo };

		std::vector<VkDynamicState> dynamicStates = {
			VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,
			VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR
		};

		//动态阶段
		VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState{};
		dynamicState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DYNAMIC_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		dynamicState.dynamicStateCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(dynamicStates.size());
		dynamicState.pDynamicStates = dynamicStates.data();

		//顶点输入
		VkVertexInputBindingDescription bindingDescription = {};
		bindingDescription.binding = 0;
		bindingDescription.stride = 5 * sizeof(float);
		bindingDescription.inputRate = VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX;

		VkVertexInputAttributeDescription attributeDescriptions[2] = {};
		attributeDescriptions[0].binding = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[0].location = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[0].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT;
		attributeDescriptions[0].offset = 0;

		attributeDescriptions[1].binding = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[1].location = 1;
		attributeDescriptions[1].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
		attributeDescriptions[1].offset = 2*sizeof(float);

		VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo = {};
		vertexInputInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		vertexInputInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1;
		vertexInputInfo.pVertexBindingDescriptions = &bindingDescription;
		vertexInputInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = 2;
		vertexInputInfo.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = attributeDescriptions;

		//图元装配
		VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly = {};
		inputAssembly.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		inputAssembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;
		inputAssembly.primitiveRestartEnable = false;

		//视口
		VkViewport viewport = {};
		viewport.x = 0.0f;
		viewport.y = 0.0f;
		viewport.width = (float)swapChainExtent.width;
		viewport.height = (float)swapChainExtent.height;
		viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;
		viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;

		//裁剪
		VkRect2D scissor = {};
		scissor.offset = { 0,0 };
		scissor.extent = swapChainExtent;

		VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState = {};
		viewportState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		viewportState.viewportCount = 1;
		viewportState.pViewports = &viewport;
		viewportState.scissorCount = 1;
		viewportState.pScissors = &scissor;

		//光栅化
		VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer = {};
		rasterizer.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		rasterizer.depthBiasClamp = VK_FALSE;
		rasterizer.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE;
		rasterizer.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;
		rasterizer.lineWidth = 1.0f;
		rasterizer.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;
		rasterizer.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_CLOCKWISE;
		rasterizer.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE;
		rasterizer.depthBiasConstantFactor = 0.0f; // Optional
		rasterizer.depthBiasClamp = 0.0f; // Optional
		rasterizer.depthBiasSlopeFactor = 0.0f; // Optional

		//多重采样
		VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling{};
		multisampling.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		multisampling.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE;
		multisampling.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		multisampling.minSampleShading = 1.0f; // Optional
		multisampling.pSampleMask = nullptr; // Optional
		multisampling.alphaToCoverageEnable = VK_FALSE; // Optional
		multisampling.alphaToOneEnable = VK_FALSE; // Optional

		//颜色混合
		VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment{};
		colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
		colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_FALSE;
		colorBlendAttachment.srcColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE; // Optional
		colorBlendAttachment.dstColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO; // Optional
		colorBlendAttachment.colorBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD; // Optional
		colorBlendAttachment.srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE; // Optional
		colorBlendAttachment.dstAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO; // Optional
		colorBlendAttachment.alphaBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD; // Optional

		VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending{};
		colorBlending.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		colorBlending.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE;
		colorBlending.logicOp = VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY; // Optional
		colorBlending.attachmentCount = 1;
		colorBlending.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment;
		colorBlending.blendConstants[0] = 0.0f; // Optional
		colorBlending.blendConstants[1] = 0.0f; // Optional
		colorBlending.blendConstants[2] = 0.0f; // Optional
		colorBlending.blendConstants[3] = 0.0f; // Optional

		//管线布局
		VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo;
		pipelineLayoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
		pipelineLayoutInfo.pNext = nullptr;
		pipelineLayoutInfo.flags = VK_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INDEPENDENT_SETS_BIT_EXT;
		pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 0; // Optional
		pipelineLayoutInfo.pSetLayouts = nullptr; // Optional
		pipelineLayoutInfo.pushConstantRangeCount = 0; // Optional
		pipelineLayoutInfo.pPushConstantRanges = nullptr; // Optional

		if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create pipeline layout!");
		}

		VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo = {};
		pipelineInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
		pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2;
		pipelineInfo.pStages = shaderStages;
		pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputInfo;
		pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly;
		pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;
		pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizer;
		pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampling;
		pipelineInfo.pDepthStencilState = nullptr; // Optional
		pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlending;
		pipelineInfo.pDynamicState = &dynamicState;
		pipelineInfo.layout = pipelineLayout;
		pipelineInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
		pipelineInfo.subpass = 0;
		pipelineInfo.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE; // Optional
		pipelineInfo.basePipelineIndex = -1; // Optional

		if (vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineInfo, nullptr, &graphicsPipeline) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics pipeline!");
		}

		vkDestroyShaderModule(device, vertShaderModule, nullptr);
		vkDestroyShaderModule(device, fragShaderModule, nullptr);
	}

	VkShaderModule createShaderModule(const std::vector<char>& code) {
		VkShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo{};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO;
		createInfo.codeSize = code.size();
		createInfo.pCode = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(code.data());

		VkShaderModule shaderModule;
		if (vkCreateShaderModule(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create shader module!");
		}

		return shaderModule;
	}

	void createBuffer(VkDeviceSize size, VkBufferUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties,VkBuffer& buffer, VkDeviceMemory& bufferMemory) {
		VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo{};
		bufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
		bufferInfo.size = size;
		bufferInfo.usage = usage;
		bufferInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

		if (vkCreateBuffer(device, &bufferInfo, nullptr, &buffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create buffer!");
		}

		VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
		vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, buffer, &memRequirements);

		VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
		allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties);

		if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &bufferMemory) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate buffer memory!");
		}

		vkBindBufferMemory(device, buffer, bufferMemory, 0);
	}

	void createVertexBuffer() {
		VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(float) * vertices.size();

		VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
		VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;

		createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

		void* data;
		vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);
		memcpy(data, vertices.data(), bufferSize);
		vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

		createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, vertexBuffer, vertexBufferMemory);

		copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, vertexBuffer, bufferSize);

		vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);
	}

	void createIndexBuffer() {
		VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(indices[0]) * indices.size();

		VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
		VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
		createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

		void* data;
		vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);
		memcpy(data, indices.data(), (size_t)bufferSize);
		vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

		createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, indexBuffer, indexBufferMemory);

		copyBuffer(stagingBuffer,indexBuffer,bufferSize);

		vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);
	}

	void copyBuffer(VkBuffer srcBuffer, VkBuffer dstBuffer, VkDeviceSize size) {
		VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
		allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
		allocInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;

		VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer;
		vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, &commandBuffer);

		VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{};
		beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
		beginInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT;

		vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo);

		VkBufferCopy copyRegion{};
		copyRegion.srcOffset = 0;
		copyRegion.dstOffset = 0;
		copyRegion.size = size;
		vkCmdCopyBuffer(commandBuffer, srcBuffer, dstBuffer, 1, &copyRegion);

		vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer);

		VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{};
		submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
		submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffer;

		vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
		vkQueueWaitIdle(graphicsQueue);

		vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, 1, &commandBuffer);
	}

	void createFramebuffers() {
		swapChainFramebuffers.resize(swapChainImageViews.size());

		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
			VkImageView attachments[] = { swapChainImageViews[i] };

			VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo{};
			framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
			framebufferInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
			framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
			framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments;
			framebufferInfo.width = swapChainExtent.width;
			framebufferInfo.height = swapChainExtent.height;
			framebufferInfo.layers = 1;

			if (vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &framebufferInfo, nullptr, &swapChainFramebuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to create framebuffer!");
			}
		}
	}

	void createCommandPool() {
		QueueFamiliyIndices queueFamilyIndices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

		VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo = {};
		poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
		poolInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT;
		poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.graphicsFamily.value();

		if (vkCreateCommandPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &commandPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create command pool!");
		}
	}

	void createCommandBuffers() {
		commandBuffers.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
		allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
		allocInfo.commandBufferCount = (uint32_t) commandBuffers.size();

		if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, commandBuffers.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate command buffers!");
		}
	}

	void recordCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint32_t imageIndex) {
		VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{};
		beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
		beginInfo.flags = 0; // Optional
		beginInfo.pInheritanceInfo = nullptr; // Optional

		if (vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to begin recording command buffer!");
		}

		VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo{};
		renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
		renderPassInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
		renderPassInfo.framebuffer = swapChainFramebuffers[imageIndex];
		renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = { 0, 0 };
		renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = swapChainExtent;

		VkClearValue clearColor = { {{0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}} };
		renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pClearValues = &clearColor;

		vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffer, &renderPassInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
		{
			vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffer, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, graphicsPipeline);

			VkBuffer vertexBuffers[] = { vertexBuffer };
			VkDeviceSize offsets[] = { 0 };
			vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(commandBuffer, 0, 1, vertexBuffers, offsets);

			vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(commandBuffer, indexBuffer, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT16);

			VkViewport viewport{};
			viewport.x = 0.0f;
			viewport.y = 0.0f;
			viewport.width = static_cast<float>(swapChainExtent.width);
			viewport.height = static_cast<float>(swapChainExtent.height);
			viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;
			viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;
			vkCmdSetViewport(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &viewport);

			VkRect2D scissor{};
			scissor.offset = { 0, 0 };
			scissor.extent = swapChainExtent;
			vkCmdSetScissor(commandBuffer, 0, 1, &scissor);

			vkCmdDrawIndexed(commandBuffer, static_cast<uint32_t>(indices.size()), 1, 0, 0, 0);
		}

		vkCmdEndRenderPass(commandBuffer);

		if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to record command buffer!");
		}
	}

	void createSyncObjects() {
		imageAvailableSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		renderFinishedSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		inFlightFences.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

		VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo{};
		semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;

		VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo{};
		fenceInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
		fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;

		for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
			if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &imageAvailableSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
				vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &renderFinishedSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
				vkCreateFence(device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &inFlightFences[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to create semaphores!");
			}
		}
	}

	void drawFrame() {
		vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);

		uint32_t imageIndex;
		VkResult result = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(device, swapChain, UINT64_MAX, imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex);

		if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
			recreateSwapChain();
			return;
		}
		else if(result != VK_SUCCESS && result != VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to acquire swap chain image!");
		}

		vkResetFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame]);

		vkResetCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[currentFrame], /*VkCommandBufferResetFlagBits*/ 0);
		recordCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[currentFrame], imageIndex);

		VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{};
		submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;

		VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = { imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame]};
		VkPipelineStageFlags waitStages[] = { VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT };
		submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = waitSemaphores;
		submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = waitStages;

		submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffers[currentFrame];

		VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = { renderFinishedSemaphores[currentFrame]};
		submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

		if (vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, inFlightFences[currentFrame]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to submit draw command buffer!");
		}

		VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo{};
		presentInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR;

		presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
		presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

		VkSwapchainKHR swapChains[] = { swapChain };
		presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1;
		presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapChains;

		presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex;

		result = vkQueuePresentKHR(presentQueue, &presentInfo);

		if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR || framebufferResized) {
			framebufferResized = false;
			recreateSwapChain();
		}
		else if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to present swap chain image!");
		}

		currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
	}

	uint32_t findMemoryType(uint32_t typeFilter, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties) {
		VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProperties;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physicalDevice, &memProperties);
		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
			if (typeFilter & (1 << i) && (memProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & properties)) {
				return i;
			}
		}

		throw std::runtime_error("failed to find suitable memory type!");
	}

	static std::vector<char> readFile(const std::string& filename) {
		std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);
		if (!file.is_open()) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to open file!");
		}
		
		size_t fileSize = (size_t)file.tellg();
		std::vector<char> buffer(fileSize);
		file.seekg(0);
		file.read(buffer.data(), fileSize);

		file.close();
		
		return buffer;
	}
};

int main() {
	HelloVulkanApplication helloVulkan;

	try {
		helloVulkan.run();
	}
	catch (const std::exception& e) {
		std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
		return EXIT_FAILURE;
	}

	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}