李沐机器学习系列4---全连接层到卷积

1 从全连接到卷积

1.1 平移不变性

从概率分布的角度来看卷积的定义,$f(\tau )$是概率密度，$g(t-\tau )$是在这个分布下的均值
$$(f\ast g)(t)={\int }_{-\infty }^{\infty }f(\tau )g(t-\tau )d\tau$$

2 图像卷积

2.1 互相关运算

import torch
from torch import nn
from d2l import torch as d2l

def corr2d(X, K):  #@save
    """计算二维互相关运算"""
    h, w = K.shape
    Y = torch.zeros((X.shape[0] - h + 1, X.shape[1] - w + 1))
    for i in range(Y.shape[0]):
        for j in range(Y.shape[1]):
            Y[i, j] = (X[i:i + h, j:j + w] * K).sum()
    return Y

2.2 特征影射和感受野

特征映射（feature map），因为它可以被视为一个输入映射到下一层的空间维度的转换器。 在卷积神经网络中，对于某一层的任意元素，其感受野（receptive field）是指在前向传播期间可能影响计算的所有元素（来自所有先前层）。

3 填充

边界进行0填充,主要是autograd如何解决，前向比较容易实现

import torch
from torch import nn


# 为了方便起见，我们定义了一个计算卷积层的函数。
# 此函数初始化卷积层权重，并对输入和输出提高和缩减相应的维数
def comp_conv2d(conv2d, X):
    # 这里的（1，1）表示批量大小和通道数都是1
    X = X.reshape((1, 1) + X.shape)
    Y = conv2d(X)
    # 省略前两个维度：批量大小和通道
    return Y.reshape(Y.shape[2:])

# 请注意，这里每边都填充了1行或1列，因此总共添加了2行或2列
conv2d = nn.Conv2d(1, 1, kernel_size=3, padding=1)
X = torch.rand(size=(8, 8))
comp_conv2d(conv2d, X).shape

4 多输入多输出通道

4.1 多输入通道

输入通道数量c_i对应核的维度

4.2 多输出通道

4.3 1*1卷积层

改变输入的通道数量，但是保持相同的高度和宽度

5 汇聚层

最后一层的神经元应该对整个输入的全局敏感。通过逐渐聚合信息，生成越来越粗糙的映射，最终实现学习全局表示的目标，同时将卷积图层的所有优势保留在中间层
汇聚层的两个作用：

• 降低卷积层对位置的敏感性
• 降低对空间降采样表示的敏感性

5.1 最大汇聚层和平均汇聚层

5.2 多个通道

多个通道对每个通道进行单独计算，不会进行汇总。

net = nn.Sequential(
    nn.Conv2d(1, 6, kernel_size=5, padding=2), nn.Sigmoid(),
    nn.AvgPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2),
    nn.Conv2d(6, 16, kernel_size=5), nn.Sigmoid(),
    nn.AvgPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2),
    nn.Flatten(),
    nn.Linear(16 * 5 * 5, 120), nn.Sigmoid(),
    nn.Linear(120, 84), nn.Sigmoid(),
    nn.Linear(84, 10))

6 AlexNet

6.1 早期的图像发展历程

通过神经网络学习特征

突破的关键要素：
1）数据
2）硬件

AlexNet

改进方法：
1）网络维度更大，参数接近1G
2）激活函数，更换成Relu
3) 容量控制和预处理
使用图像增强，翻转，裁切，和变色

8 VGG

出现了代码块，将一些可以复用的网络结构进行封装

import torch
from torch import nn
from d2l import torch as d2l


def vgg_block(num_convs, in_channels, out_channels):
    layers = []
    for _ in range(num_convs):
        layers.append(nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels,
                                kernel_size=3, padding=1))
        layers.append(nn.ReLU())
        in_channels = out_channels
    layers.append(nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2,stride=2))
    return nn.Sequential(*layers)

也可以使用pytorch的自定义块功能

import torch
from torch import nn

class VGGBlock(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, num_convs, in_channels, out_channels):
        super(VGGBlock, self).__init__()
        layers = []
        for _ in range(num_convs):
            layers.append(nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=3, padding=1))
            layers.append(nn.ReLU())
            in_channels = out_channels
        layers.append(nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2))
        self.vgg_block = nn.Sequential(*layers)

    def forward(self, x):
        return self.vgg_block(x)

9 NiN块

核心的思想：
1）取消了全连接层，最后用一个全局平均汇聚层，生成对数几率
2）使用串联网络

import torch
from torch import nn
from d2l import torch as d2l


def nin_block(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, strides, padding):
    return nn.Sequential(
        nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, strides, padding),
        nn.ReLU(),
        nn.Conv2d(out_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1), nn.ReLU(),
        nn.Conv2d(out_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1), nn.ReLU())

net = nn.Sequential(
    nin_block(1, 96, kernel_size=11, strides=4, padding=0),
    nn.MaxPool2d(3, stride=2),
    nin_block(96, 256, kernel_size=5, strides=1, padding=2),
    nn.MaxPool2d(3, stride=2),
    nin_block(256, 384, kernel_size=3, strides=1, padding=1),
    nn.MaxPool2d(3, stride=2),
    nn.Dropout(0.5),
    # 标签类别数是10
    nin_block(384, 10, kernel_size=3, strides=1, padding=1),
    nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d((1, 1)),
    # 将四维的输出转成二维的输出，其形状为(批量大小,10)
    nn.Flatten())

10 GoogleNet

核心思想：
1）使用不同大小的卷积核组合是有利的

import torch
from torch import nn
from torch.nn import functional as F
from d2l import torch as d2l


class Inception(nn.Module):
    # c1--c4是每条路径的输出通道数
    def __init__(self, in_channels, c1, c2, c3, c4, **kwargs):
        super(Inception, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        # 线路1，单1x1卷积层
        self.p1_1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, c1, kernel_size=1)
        # 线路2，1x1卷积层后接3x3卷积层
        self.p2_1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, c2[0], kernel_size=1)
        self.p2_2 = nn.Conv2d(c2[0], c2[1], kernel_size=3, padding=1)
        # 线路3，1x1卷积层后接5x5卷积层
        self.p3_1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, c3[0], kernel_size=1)
        self.p3_2 = nn.Conv2d(c3[0], c3[1], kernel_size=5, padding=2)
        # 线路4，3x3最大汇聚层后接1x1卷积层
        self.p4_1 = nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=1, padding=1)
        self.p4_2 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, c4, kernel_size=1)

    def forward(self, x):
        p1 = F.relu(self.p1_1(x))
        p2 = F.relu(self.p2_2(F.relu(self.p2_1(x))))
        p3 = F.relu(self.p3_2(F.relu(self.p3_1(x))))
        p4 = F.relu(self.p4_2(self.p4_1(x)))
        # 在通道维度上连结输出
        return torch.cat((p1, p2, p3, p4), dim=1)

11 批量规范化

训练网络的一些关键挑战：
1）标准化输入特征
2）中间变量，这些变量分布中的这种偏移可能会阻碍网络的收敛，
3)更深层的网络很复杂，容易过拟合。 这意味着正则化变得更加重要

11.1 批量规范化应用在全连接层

import torch
from torch import nn
from d2l import torch as d2l


def batch_norm(X, gamma, beta, moving_mean, moving_var, eps, momentum):
    # 通过is_grad_enabled来判断当前模式是训练模式还是预测模式
    if not torch.is_grad_enabled():
        # 如果是在预测模式下，直接使用传入的移动平均所得的均值和方差
        X_hat = (X - moving_mean) / torch.sqrt(moving_var + eps)
    else:
        assert len(X.shape) in (2, 4)
        if len(X.shape) == 2:
            # 使用全连接层的情况，计算特征维上的均值和方差
            mean = X.mean(dim=0)
            var = ((X - mean) ** 2).mean(dim=0)
        else:
            # 使用二维卷积层的情况，计算通道维上（axis=1）的均值和方差。
            # 这里我们需要保持X的形状以便后面可以做广播运算
            mean = X.mean(dim=(0, 2, 3), keepdim=True)
            var = ((X - mean) ** 2).mean(dim=(0, 2, 3), keepdim=True)
        # 训练模式下，用当前的均值和方差做标准化
        X_hat = (X - mean) / torch.sqrt(var + eps)
        # 更新移动平均的均值和方差
        moving_mean = momentum * moving_mean + (1.0 - momentum) * mean
        moving_var = momentum * moving_var + (1.0 - momentum) * var
    Y = gamma * X_hat + beta  # 缩放和移位
    return Y, moving_mean.data, moving_var.data

定义一个BatchNOorm, 因为batchNorm中的gamma和beta这两个参数是需要再训练中进行更新的，

net = nn.Sequential(
    nn.Conv2d(1, 6, kernel_size=5), BatchNorm(6, num_dims=4), nn.Sigmoid(),
    nn.AvgPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2),
    nn.Conv2d(6, 16, kernel_size=5), BatchNorm(16, num_dims=4), nn.Sigmoid(),
    nn.AvgPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2), nn.Flatten(),
    nn.Linear(16*4*4, 120), BatchNorm(120, num_dims=2), nn.Sigmoid(),
    nn.Linear(120, 84), BatchNorm(84, num_dims=2), nn.Sigmoid(),
    nn.Linear(84, 10))

标准的batchNorm的实现

net = nn.Sequential(
    nn.Conv2d(1, 6, kernel_size=5), nn.BatchNorm2d(6), nn.Sigmoid(),
    nn.AvgPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2),
    nn.Conv2d(6, 16, kernel_size=5), nn.BatchNorm2d(16), nn.Sigmoid(),
    nn.AvgPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2), nn.Flatten(),
    nn.Linear(256, 120), nn.BatchNorm1d(120), nn.Sigmoid(),
    nn.Linear(120, 84), nn.BatchNorm1d(84), nn.Sigmoid(),
    nn.Linear(84, 10))

12 Resnet

使用嵌套函数来理解Resnet的作用，每个附加层都应该更容易地包含原始函数作为其元素之一

import torch
from torch import nn
from torch.nn import functional as F
from d2l import torch as d2l


class Residual(nn.Module):  #@save
    def __init__(self, input_channels, num_channels,
                 use_1x1conv=False, strides=1):
        super().__init__()
        self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(input_channels, num_channels,
                               kernel_size=3, padding=1, stride=strides)
        self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(num_channels, num_channels,
                               kernel_size=3, padding=1)
        if use_1x1conv:
            self.conv3 = nn.Conv2d(input_channels, num_channels,
                                   kernel_size=1, stride=strides)
        else:
            self.conv3 = None
        self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(num_channels)
        self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm2d(num_channels)

    def forward(self, X):
        Y = F.relu(self.bn1(self.conv1(X)))
        Y = self.bn2(self.conv2(Y))
        if self.conv3:
            X = self.conv3(X)
        Y += X
        return F.relu(Y)

b1 = nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(1, 64, kernel_size=7, stride=2, padding=3),
                   nn.BatchNorm2d(64), nn.ReLU(),
                   nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1))
                   
def resnet_block(input_channels, num_channels, num_residuals,
                 first_block=False):
    blk = []
    for i in range(num_residuals):
        if i == 0 and not first_block:
            blk.append(Residual(input_channels, num_channels,
                                use_1x1conv=True, strides=2))
        else:
            blk.append(Residual(num_channels, num_channels))
    return blk

b2 = nn.Sequential(*resnet_block(64, 64, 2, first_block=True))
b3 = nn.Sequential(*resnet_block(64, 128, 2))
b4 = nn.Sequential(*resnet_block(128, 256, 2))
b5 = nn.Sequential(*resnet_block(256, 512, 2))

net = nn.Sequential(b1, b2, b3, b4, b5,
                    nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d((1,1)),
                    nn.Flatten(), nn.Linear(512, 10))

X = torch.rand(size=(1, 1, 224, 224))
for layer in net:
    X = layer(X)
    print(layer.__class__.__name__,'output shape:\t', X.shape)

lr, num_epochs, batch_size = 0.05, 10, 256
train_iter, test_iter = d2l.load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, resize=96)
d2l.train_ch6(net, train_iter, test_iter, num_epochs, lr, d2l.try_gpu())

12 DenseNet

思路来源于函数的泰勒展开，

import torch
from torch import nn
from d2l import torch as d2l


def conv_block(input_channels, num_channels):
    return nn.Sequential(
        nn.BatchNorm2d(input_channels), nn.ReLU(),
        nn.Conv2d(input_channels, num_channels, kernel_size=3, padding=1))
        
class DenseBlock(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, num_convs, input_channels, num_channels):
        super(DenseBlock, self).__init__()
        layer = []
        for i in range(num_convs):
            layer.append(conv_block(
                num_channels * i + input_channels, num_channels))
        self.net = nn.Sequential(*layer)

    def forward(self, X):
        for blk in self.net:
            Y = blk(X)
            # 连接通道维度上每个块的输入和输出
            X = torch.cat((X, Y), dim=1)
        return X
blk = DenseBlock(2, 3, 10)
X = torch.randn(4, 3, 8, 8)
Y = blk(X)
Y.shape

def transition_block(input_channels, num_channels):
    return nn.Sequential(
        nn.BatchNorm2d(input_channels), nn.ReLU(),
        nn.Conv2d(input_channels, num_channels, kernel_size=1),
        nn.AvgPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2))