ResNet--粗略解释什么是残差网络

由于前几天学习了ResNet，于是想要写篇博文，来有个更深的印象

• 在学习的时候我也遇到了资料搜集的不全，导致的学习效率低下，一定要耐住性子，技术这个东西，不是一朝一夕就能够搞懂

接下来有几个概念需要理解一下，什么是残差网络？相比之前的普通的网络结构有什么不同？

• 残差网络：
  上面的图片，具体的解释了什么是残差网络，可能会有一些小伙伴看不懂的情况，接下来我用文字描述。残差网络就是在之前的网络结构上加上了一个残差快（短接层），如下图所示：
  
  此时，可以把输入的当作F(x) = H(x) - x，这个只是推导的过程
  那么 H(x) = F(x) + x ，只要是有这个过程的都可以称为残差网络，从上图中可以看出输入的F(x) add了一个短接层
• 残差网络分为两个部分：50层以下的网络和50层以上的网络，50层称为Bottleneck接下来使用代码实现50层以下的网络，Basicblock，相比官方代码做了些精简

class BasicBlock(nn.Module):
	expansion = 1

	def __init__(self, inplanes, planes, stride=1, downsample=None, norm_layer=None):
		super(BasicBlock, self).__init__()
		if norm_layer is None:
			norm_layer = nn.BatchNorm2d
		self.conv1 = conv3x3(inplanes, planes, stride)
		self.bn1 = norm_layer(planes)
		self.relu = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
		self.conv2 = conv3x3(inplanes, planes, stride)
		self.bn2 = norm_layer(planes)
		self.downsample = downsample
		self.stride = stride

	def forward(self, x):
		identity = x

		out = self.conv1(x)
		out = self.bn1(out)
		out = self.relu(out)

		out = self.conv2(out)
		out = self.bn2(out)

		# 下采样，网络中有的地方尺寸发生了变化，这时候对x也需要进行同时变化，即为下采样
		if self.downsample is not None:
			identity = self.downsample(x)

		out += identity
		out = self.relu(out)

		return out

# 这里是50层及以上
class BottleNeck(nn.Module):
	# 输出的时候通道要比输入的时候放大四倍，第一张图可以看出
	expansion = 4

	def __init__(self, inplanes, planes, stride=1, downsample=None, norm_layer=None):
		super(BottleNeck, self).__init__()
		if norm_layer is None:
			norm_layer = nn.BatchNorm2d
		self.conv1 = conv1x1(inplanes, planes, stride)
		self.bn1 = norm_layer(planes)
		self.conv2 = conv3x3(inplanes, planes, stride)
		self.bn2 = norm_layer(planes)
		self.conv3 = conv1x1(inplanes, planes * self.expansion)
		self.bn3 = norm_layer(planes * self.expansion)
		self.relu = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
		self.downsample = downsample
		self.stride = stride

	def foward(self, x):
		identity = x

		out = self.conv1(x)
		out = self.bn1(out)
		out = self.relu(out)

		out = self.conv2(out)
		out = self.bn2(out)
		out = self.relu(out)

		out = self.conv3(out)
		out = self.bn3(out)
		out = self.relu(out)

		if self.downsample is not None:
			identity = self.downsample(x)
		out += identity
		out = self.relu(out)

		return out

接下来我们定义以下ResNet:

# 定义网络
class ResNet(nn.Module):

	def __init__(self, block, layers, num_class=1000, norm_layer=None):
		super(ResNet, self).__init__()

		if norm_layer is not None:
			norm_layer = nn.BatchNorm2d

		# 图像传入的时候，通道初始值是64
		self.inplanes = 64
		# 根据ResNet的网络图来看，第一层的conv1，使用的是7x7的图像，通道64，stride = 2
		self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(3, self.inplanes, kernel_size=7, stride=2, padding=3, bias=False)
		self.bn1 = norm_layer(self.inplanes)
		self.relu = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
		self.maxpool = nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1)
		self.layer1 = self._make_layer(block, 64, layers[0])
		self.layer2 = self._make_layer(block, 128, layers[1], stride=2)
		self.layer3 = self._make_layer(block, 256, layers[2], stride=2)
		self.layer4 = self._make_layer(block, 512, layers[3], stride=2)
		self.avgpool = nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d((1, 1))
		self.fc = nn.Linear(512 * block.expansion, num_class)

		# 参数初始化
		for m in self.modules():
			if isinstance(m, nn.Conv2d):
				nn.init.kaiming_normal_(m.weight, mode='fan_out', nonlinearity='relu')
			elif isinstance(m, (nn.BatchNorm2d, nn.GroupNorm)):
				nn.init.constant_(m.weight, 1)
				nn.init.constant_(m.bias, 0)

	# 重点
	def _make_layer(self, block, planes, blocks, stride=1):
		norm_layer = self._norm_layer
		downsample = None

		if stride != 1 or self.inplanes != planes * block.expansion:
			downsample = nn.Sequential(
				conv1x1(self.inplanes, planes * block.expansion, stride),
				norm_layer(planes * block.expansion)
			)
		layers = []
		layers.append(block(self.inplanes, planes, stride, downsample, norm_layer))
		self.inplanes = planes * self.expansion
		for _ in range(1, blocks):
			layers.append(block(self.inplanes, planes, norm_layer=norm_layer))
		return nn.Sequential(*layers)

	def forward(self, x):
		x = self.conv1(x)
		x = self.bn1(x)
		x = self.relu(x)
		x = self.maxpool(x)

		x = self.layer1(x)
		x = self.layer2(x)
		x = self.layer3(x)
		x = self.layer4(x)

		x = self.avgpool(x)
		x = torch.flattern(x, 1)
		x = self.fc(x)
		return x

以上代码均为手敲，可能有不对的地方，详细的代码可以参阅：

https://github.com/pytorch/vision/blob/master/torchvision/models/resnet.py
本文仅作为简单解读