Research on the role of radar in air traffic control

UESTC
UoG-UESTC Joint School
class of 2017 万仕缘

Development history of radar
Radar came into being during world war I, when Britain was at war with Germany, and Britain desperately needed a radar that could detect metal objects in the air to help search for German aircraft in anti-air war. During the second world war, radar developed monopulse Angle tracking, pulse doppler signal processing, high resolution synthetic aperture and pulse compression, combined with the combination of the identification system, combining with computer automatic fire control system, terrain avoidance and terrain following, passive or active phase array, frequency agility, multi-target detection and tracking, etc. The new radar system. Later, with the scientific progress in various fields such as microelectronics and the continuous development of radar technology, its connotation and research content are constantly expanding. The detection method of radar has been developed from the former only one kind of radar detector to the fusion and cooperation of infrared light, ultraviolet light, laser and other optical detection methods.

Principle of radar

The specific USES and structures of various radars are different, but the basic forms are the same, including transmitter, transmitting antenna, receiver, receiving antenna, processing part and display. There are power supply equipment, data acquisition equipment, anti-interference equipment and other auxiliary equipment. The principle is that the transmitter of radar equipment shoots electromagnetic wave energy to a certain direction in space through the antenna, and objects in this direction reflect the electromagnetic wave encountered. The radar antenna receives the reflected wave, sends it to the receiving device for processing, and extracts some information about the object (distance between the target object and the radar, distance change rate or radial velocity, azimuth, height, etc.). The target echo frequency received by radar is different from the radar transmitting frequency, and the difference between the two is called doppler frequency. One of the main information that can be extracted from doppler frequency is the change rate of distance between radar and target. When target and jamming clutter exist in the same spatial resolution unit, radar can detect and track target from jamming clutter by using the difference of doppler frequency between them. The principle of measuring the target azimuth is to use the sharp azimuth beam of the antenna to measure the narrow elevation beam by the elevation Angle, so that the target height can be calculated according to the elevation Angle and distance.The principle of measuring distance is to measure the time difference between the transmitting pulse and the echo pulse. Since electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light, they can be converted into the accurate distance between radar and the target

The role of radar in air traffic control
Primary radar

1. ASR: Airport Surveillance Radar, which operates at a distance of 100 nautical miles, is mainly used by tower controllers or approach controllers.
2. . ARSR:Air Route Surveillance Radar is set in the atc control center or corresponding Air Route Surveillance Radar. It has a range of more than 250 nautical miles and an altitude of 13,000 meters. It has more power than the airport surveillance radar, which covers the entire airway with various radars on the airway, so that controllers can carry out radar separation between aircraft flying on the airway.
3. 1 Airport ground detection equipment (ASD), whose power is small and the action distance is generally 1 mile, is mainly used for ground monitoring of particularly busy airports. It can monitor aircraft and various vehicles moving on the ground of the airport. Tower controllers are used to control the ground operation of ground vehicles and takeoff and landing aircraft to ensure safety. Its main function is to provide the location information of aircraft and vehicles when visibility is low. Due to its high price, airports usually do not have such equipment

Secondary radar
Also known as ATCRBS: Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System. It was originally developed in the air war in order to enable radar to distinguish between the aircraft of the enemy and us. When the basic principles and components of this system were developed and applied to the air traffic control of civil aviation, it became a secondary radar system.The pulses emitted by the secondary radar are in pairs, and its frequency is 1030MHz. The time interval between each pair of pulses is fixed, which determines the mode of the secondary radar. Civil aviation USES two modes, one with an interval of 8 microseconds, called A mode; Another interval of 21 microseconds is called C mode.

Another important part of the secondary radar system is the transponder installed on the aircraft. The transponder is a transceiver that can send out different forms of coded signals after receiving the corresponding signals. The transponder answers the questions sent by the ground secondary radar after receiving the signals. These signals are received by the secondary radar antenna on the ground. After decoding, the identification number and altitude of the aircraft are displayed next to the bright spot of the aircraft displayed on the primary radar screen. The controller can easily understand the position and code number of the aircraft. In order to make the controller in the early years of the asked the plane can quickly put the dot on the screen and the corresponding plane, transponder on board also has the identification function, the driver can press when controllers require “identify” key, then transponder issued a special location identification pulse (SPI), the pulse makes ground station window width on the screen, to distinguish it from other bright spot on the screen.

reference
https://baike.baidu.com/item/雷达/10485?fr=aladdinfr=aladdinhttp://www.cqvip.com/main/none.aspx?lngid=664005292