正交曲面系下梯度散度旋度公式速记

正交曲面系下梯度散度旋度公式速记

1. 回忆正交曲面系的度量系数$h_i$

记每种坐标系中不同的3个分量分别为$u_1$ $u_2$ $u_3$，其度量系数分别为

坐标系	$u_1$	$u_2$	$u_3$
$xyz$	$1$	$1$	$1$
$r\theta z$	$1$	$r$	$1$
$r\theta \varphi$	$1$	$r$	$r\sin \theta$

2. 沿每个坐标系的微分长度$\mathrm{d}{l}_i=h_i\mathrm{d}{u}_i$，其微分长度分别为

坐标系	$u_1$	$u_2$	$u_3$
$xyz$	$\mathrm{d}x$	$\mathrm{d}y$	$\mathrm{d}z$
$r\theta z$	$\mathrm{d}r$	$r\mathrm{d}\theta$	$\mathrm{d}z$
$r\theta \varphi$	$\mathrm{d}r$	$r\mathrm{d}\theta$	$r\sin \theta \mathrm{d}\varphi$

3. 只需要记的公式(只是简记 数学上会有些冲突)

$$\nabla \Phi =\sum _i{\mathbf{e}}_{{\mathbf{u}}_{\mathbf{i}}}\frac{\partial \Phi }{\partial l_i}$$

$$\nabla \cdot \vec{\mathbf{A}}=\sum _{i\ne j\ne k}\frac{\partial (A_i{h}_j{h}_k)}{\partial (l_i{h}_j{h}_k)}$$把$\partial (A_i{h}_j{h}_k)$ 中的$h_j{h}_k$看成是与$u_i$无关的常数(例如$h_j=r$且$u_i$为$r$时

$$\nabla \times \vec{\mathbf{A}}=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}{\mathbf{e}}_{{\mathbf{u}}_1}& {\mathbf{e}}_{{\mathbf{u}}_2}& {\mathbf{e}}_{{\mathbf{u}}_3}\\ \frac{\partial }{\partial l_1}& \frac{\partial }{\partial l_2}& \frac{\partial }{\partial l_3}\\ A_1& A_2& A_3\end{array}\right|$$
$${\nabla }^2\Phi =\nabla \cdot (\nabla \Phi )=\sum _{i\ne j\ne k}\frac{\partial (h_j{h}_k\frac{\partial \Phi }{\partial l_i})}{\partial (l_i{h}_j{h}_k)}=\sum _{i\ne j\ne k}\frac{\partial }{\partial (l_i{h}_j{h}_k)}(h_j{h}_k\frac{\partial \Phi }{\partial l_i})$$

4. 一些变形(把$\mathrm{d}{l}_i=h_i\mathrm{d}{u}_i$带入)

$$\nabla \Phi =\sum _i{\mathbf{e}}_{{\mathbf{u}}_{\mathbf{i}}}\frac{\partial \Phi }{h_i\partial u_i}$$

$$\nabla \cdot \vec{\mathbf{A}}=\frac{1}{h_1{h}_2{h}_3}\sum _{i\ne j\ne k}\frac{\partial (A_i{h}_j{h}_k)}{\partial u_i}$$

$$\nabla \times \vec{\mathbf{A}}=\left|\begin{array}{ccc}{\mathbf{e}}_{{\mathbf{u}}_1}& {\mathbf{e}}_{{\mathbf{u}}_2}& {\mathbf{e}}_{{\mathbf{u}}_3}\\ \frac{\partial }{h_1\partial u_1}& \frac{\partial }{h_2\partial u_2}& \frac{\partial }{h_3\partial u_3}\\ A_1& A_2& A_3\end{array}\right|=\frac{1}{h_1{h}_2{h}_3}\left|\begin{array}{ccc}{h}_1{\mathbf{e}}_{{\mathbf{u}}_1}& h_2{\mathbf{e}}_{{\mathbf{u}}_2}& h_3{\mathbf{e}}_{{\mathbf{u}}_3}\\ \frac{\partial }{\partial u_1}& \frac{\partial }{\partial u_2}& \frac{\partial }{\partial u_3}\\ h_1{A}_1& h_2{A}_2& h_3{A}_3\end{array}\right|$$
$${\nabla }^2\Phi =\frac{1}{h_1{h}_2{h}_3}\sum _{i\ne j\ne k}\frac{\partial }{\partial u_i}(\frac{h_j{h}_k}{h_i}\frac{\partial \Phi }{\partial u_i})$$

5.例子

比如我要求球坐标的$\Phi$函数的梯度

$$\nabla \Phi =\sum _i{\mathbf{e}}_{{\mathbf{u}}_{\mathbf{i}}}\frac{\partial \Phi }{\partial l_i}=\sum _i{\mathbf{e}}_{{\mathbf{u}}_{\mathbf{i}}}\frac{\partial \Phi }{h_i\partial u_i}$$

注意到$\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{h}_1& h_2& h_3\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& r& r\sin \theta \end{array}\right]$，带入就求出

$$\nabla \Phi ={\mathbf{e}}_{\mathbf{r}}\frac{\partial \Phi }{\partial r}+\frac{1}{r}{\mathbf{e}}_{\mathbf{\theta }}\frac{\partial \Phi }{\partial \theta }+\frac{1}{r\sin \theta }{\mathbf{e}}_{\mathbf{\varphi }}\frac{\partial \Phi }{\partial \varphi }$$

其他的同理，速记法！

6. 参考文献

电磁场与电磁波(第二版) 杨儒贵