python项目练习之：外星人入侵

python项目练习之：外星人入侵

一、项目介绍

《外星人入侵》是很多Python初学者接触到的第一个项目，开发此项目时我属于只会Python语言的基本语法的新手。

《外星人入侵》，玩家控制着一艘最初出现在屏幕底部中央的飞船。玩家可以使用键盘控制飞船左右移动，还可使用空格键射击。游戏开始时，一群外星人出现在天空中，他们在屏幕中向下移动。玩家的任务是射杀这些外星人。玩家将所有外星人都消灭干净后，将出现一群新的外星人，他们移动速度更快。只要有外星人撞到了玩家的飞船或到达了屏幕底部，玩家就损失一艘飞船。玩家损失三艘飞船后，游戏结束。

可以看到，该游戏的元素有：飞机、外星人、记分牌、Play按钮以及飞机发射出的子弹，这些是显性的，还有些隐形的元素有游戏的设置模块（子弹速度、飞机移动速度等）、得分记录、游戏的运行函数。

整个程序的结构如下：

二、游戏代码

1、alien_invasion

import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Group

from setting import settings
from game_stats import GameStats
from ship import ship
import game_funcations as gf
from button import Button
from scoreboard import Scoreboard


def run_game():
    pygame.init()
    ai_settings=settings()
    screen = pygame.display.set_mode((ai_settings.screen_width,ai_settings.screen_height))
    pygame.display.set_caption("alien_invasion")
    Ship = ship(ai_settings,screen)
    bullets = Group()
    aliens = Group()
    gf.creat_fleet(ai_settings,screen,Ship,aliens)
    stats = GameStats(ai_settings)
    sb = Scoreboard(ai_settings,screen,stats)
    play_button = Button(ai_settings,screen,"play")


    #开始游戏主循环
    while True:
        gf.check_events(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,play_button,Ship,aliens,bullets)
        if stats.game_active:
            Ship.update()
            gf.update_bullets(ai_settings, screen,stats,sb, Ship, aliens, bullets)
            gf.update_aliens(ai_settings, stats,screen, sb,Ship, aliens, bullets)
        gf.update_screen(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,Ship,aliens,bullets,play_button)


run_game()

2、game_funcation

import sys
import pygame
from  time import sleep
from bullet import Bullet
from alien import Alien


def ckeck_keydown_events(event,Ship,ai_settings,screen,bullets):
    if event.key == pygame.K_d:
        Ship.moving_right = True
    elif event.key == pygame.K_a:
        Ship.moving_left = True
    elif event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:
       fire_bullet(ai_settings,screen,Ship,bullets)
    elif event.key ==pygame.K_q:
        sys.exit()

def ckeck_keyup_events(event,Ship):
    if event.key == pygame.K_d:
        Ship.moving_right = False
    elif event.key == pygame.K_a:
        Ship.moving_left = False


def check_events(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,play_button,Ship,aliens,bullets):
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
            ckeck_keydown_events(event,Ship,ai_settings,screen,bullets)
        elif event.type ==pygame.KEYUP:
            ckeck_keyup_events(event,Ship)
        elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
            mouse_x,mouse_y = pygame.mouse.get_pos()
            check_play_button(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,play_button,Ship,aliens,bullets,mouse_x,mouse_y)

def update_bullets(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,Ship,aliens,bullets):
    """更新子弹位置，并删除已经消失的子弹"""
    for bullet in bullets.copy():
        if bullet.rect.bottom <= 0:
            bullets.remove(bullet)

    check_bullet_alien_collision(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,Ship,aliens,bullets)

def update_screen(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,Ship,aliens,bullets,play_button):
    screen.fill(ai_settings.bg_color)
    for bullet in bullets.sprites():
        bullet.draw_bullet()
    Ship.blitme()
    aliens.draw(screen)
    sb.show_score()

    if not stats.game_active:
        play_button.draw_button()

    pygame.display.flip()

def fire_bullet(ai_settings,screen,Ship,bullets):
    if len(bullets) < ai_settings.bullet_allowed:
        new_bullet = Bullet(ai_settings, screen, Ship)
        bullets.add(new_bullet)



def get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings,alien_width):
    available_space_x = ai_settings.screen_width - 2 * alien_width
    number_aliens_x = int(available_space_x / (2 * alien_width))
    return number_aliens_x

def get_number_rows(ai_settings,Ship_height,alien_height):
    available_space_y = (ai_settings.screen_height -
                         (3*alien_height)-Ship_height)
    number_rows = int(available_space_y/(2*alien_height))
    return number_rows


def creat_alien(ai_settings,screen,aliens,alien_number,row_number):
    alien = Alien(ai_settings, screen)
    alien_width = alien.rect.width
    alien.x = alien_width + 2 * alien_width * alien_number
    alien.rect.x = alien.x
    alien.rect.y = alien.rect.height + 2*alien.rect.height*row_number
    aliens.add(alien)

def creat_fleet(ai_settings,screen,Ship,aliens):
    alien = Alien(ai_settings,screen)
    number_aliens_x = get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings,alien.rect.width)
    number_rows = get_number_rows(ai_settings,Ship.rect.height,alien.rect.height)


    for row_number in range(number_rows):
        for alien_number in range(number_aliens_x):
            creat_alien(ai_settings,screen,aliens,alien_number,row_number)

def check_fleet_edges(ai_settings,aliens):
    for alien in aliens.sprites():
        if alien.check_edges():
            change_fleet_direction(ai_settings,aliens)
            break

def change_fleet_direction(ai_settings,aliens):
    for alien in aliens.sprites():
        alien.rect.y += ai_settings.fleet_drop_speed
    ai_settings.fleet_direction *= -1

def update_aliens(ai_settings, stats, screen, sb,Ship, aliens, bullets):

    check_fleet_edges(ai_settings,aliens)
    aliens.update()
    check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings, stats, screen,sb, Ship, aliens, bullets)

    if pygame.sprite.spritecollide(Ship,aliens,True):
        Ship_hit(ai_settings, stats, screen,sb, Ship, aliens, bullets)
        print("Ship hit!!!")

def check_bullet_alien_collision(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,Ship,aliens,bullets):
    """响应子弹和外星人发生碰撞"""
    bullets.update()
    #删除发生碰撞的子弹和外星人
    collisions = pygame.sprite.groupcollide(bullets, aliens, True, True)

    if collisions:
        for aliens in collisions.values():
            stats.score += ai_settings.alien_points*len(aliens)
            sb.prep_score()
        check_high_score(stats,sb)



    if len(aliens) == 0:
        #如果整群外星人都被消灭，就提高一个等级
        bullets.empty()
        ai_settings.increase_speed()

        #提高等级
        stats.level +=1
        sb.prep_level()


        creat_fleet(ai_settings, screen, Ship, aliens)

def Ship_hit(ai_settings ,stats,screen,sb,Ship,aliens,bullets):
    if stats.Ship_left > 0:
        stats.Ship_left -= 1

        #更新记分牌
        #sb.prep_Ships()

        aliens.empty()
        bullets.empty()

        creat_fleet(ai_settings, screen, Ship, aliens)
        Ship.center_ship()

        sleep(0.5)

    else:
        stats.game_active =False
        pygame.mouse.set_visible(True)


def check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings,stats,screen,sb,Ship,aliens,bullets):
    screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
    for alien in aliens.sprites():
        if alien.rect.bottom >=screen_rect.bottom:
            Ship_hit(ai_settings, stats, screen, sb,Ship, aliens, bullets)
            break

def check_play_button(ai_settings,screen,stats,sb,play_button,Ship,aliens,bullets,mouse_x,mouse_y):
    """玩家单击Play按钮时开始新游戏"""
    button_clicked = play_button.rect.collidepoint(mouse_x,mouse_y)
    if button_clicked and not stats.game_active:
        #重置游戏设置
        ai_settings.initialize_dynamic_settings()

        #隐藏光标
        pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)

        #重置游戏统计信息
        stats.reset_stats()
        stats.game_active = True

        #重置记分牌图像
        sb.prep_score()
        sb.prep_high_score()
        sb.prep_level()
        #sb.prep_ships()

        #清空外星人列表和子弹列表
        aliens.empty()
        bullets.empty()

        creat_fleet(ai_settings,screen,Ship,aliens)
        Ship.center_ship()

def check_high_score(stats,sb):
    """检查是否诞生了新的最高得分"""
    if stats.score > stats.high_score:
        stats.high_score =stats.score
        sb.prep_high_score()

3、alien

import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite

class Alien(Sprite):

    def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen):
        super().__init__()
        self.screen = screen
        self.ai_settings = ai_settings

        self.image2 = pygame.image.load('images/bug.bmp')
        self.image = pygame.transform.scale(self.image2, (60, 60))
        self.rect = self.image.get_rect()

        self.rect.x =self.rect.width
        self.rect.y = self.rect.height

        self.x = float(self.rect.x)

    def blitme(self):
        self.screen.blit(self.image,self.rect)

    def check_edges(self):
        screen_rect =self.screen.get_rect()
        if self.rect.right >=screen_rect.right:
            return True
        elif self.rect.left<= 0:
            return  True

    def update(self):
        self.x +=(self.ai_settings.alien_speed_factor*self.ai_settings.fleet_direction)
        self.rect.x= self.x

4、button

import pygame.font

class Button():
    def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen,msg):
        self.screen = screen
        self.screen_rect = screen.get_rect()

        self.width,self.height = 200,50
        self.button_color = (0,255,0)
        self.text_color = (255,255,255)
        self.font = pygame.font.SysFont(None,48)

        self.rect = pygame.Rect(0,0,self.width,self.height)
        self.rect.center = self.screen_rect.center

        self.prep_msg(msg)

    def prep_msg(self,msg):
        self.msg_image = self.font.render(msg,True,self.text_color,self.button_color)
        self.msg_image_rect = self.msg_image.get_rect()
        self.msg_image_rect.center = self.rect.center

    def draw_button(self):
        self.screen.fill(self.button_color,self.rect)
        self.screen.blit(self.msg_image,self.msg_image_rect)

5、ship

import  pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite

class ship():
    def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen):
        """初始化飞船，并设置其起始位置"""
        super(ship,self).__init__()
        self.screen = screen
        self.image = pygame.image.load('images/ship.bmp')
        self.image2=pygame.transform.scale(self.image,(80,80))
        self.rect = self.image2.get_rect()
        self.screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
        self.rect.centerx = self.screen_rect.centerx
        self.rect.bottom = self.screen_rect.bottom
        self.ai_settings = ai_settings

        self.center1 = float(self.rect.centerx)


        self.moving_right = False
        self.moving_left = False


    def update(self):
        if self.moving_right and self.rect.right < self.screen_rect.right:
            self.center1 += self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor
        elif self.moving_left and self.rect.left  > 0 :
            self.center1 -= self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor

        self.rect.centerx = self.center1




    def blitme(self):
        self.screen.blit(self.image2,self.rect)

    def center_ship(self):
        self.center1 = self.screen_rect.centerx

6、bullet

import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite

class Bullet(Sprite):

    def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen,Ship):

        super(Bullet,self).__init__()
        self.screen =screen

        self.rect = pygame.Rect(0,0,ai_settings.bullet_width,
                                ai_settings.bullet_height)
        self.rect.centerx = Ship.rect.centerx
        self.rect.top = Ship.rect.top

        self.y = float(self.rect.y)

        self.color = ai_settings.bullet_color
        self.speed_factor =ai_settings.bullet_speed_factor

    def update(self):
            self.y -= self.speed_factor
            self.rect.y =self.y


    def draw_bullet(self):
        pygame.draw.rect(self.screen,self.color,self.rect)

7、scoreboard

import pygame.font
from pygame.sprite import Group

from ship import ship

class Scoreboard():
    """显示得分信息的类"""

    def __init__(self,ai_settings,screen,stats):
        """初始化显示得分涉及的属性"""
        self.screen =screen
        self.screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
        self.ai_settings = ai_settings
        self.stats =stats


        #显示得分信息时使用的字体设置
        self.text_color =(30,30,30)
        self.font = pygame.font.SysFont(None,48)

        #准备包含最高得分和当前得分的图像
        self.prep_score()
        self.prep_high_score()
        self.prep_level()
        #self.prep_Ships()

    def prep_score(self):
        """将得分转换为一幅渲染的图像"""
        rounded_score = int(round(self.stats.score,-1))
        score_str = "{:,}".format(rounded_score)
        self.score_image = self.font.render(score_str, True, self.text_color, self.ai_settings.bg_color)

        # 将得分放在屏幕右上角
        self.score_rect = self.score_image.get_rect()
        self.score_rect.right = self.screen_rect.right - 20
        self.score_rect.top = 20

    def prep_high_score(self):
        """将最高得分转换为渲染的图像"""
        high_score = int(round(self.stats.high_score,-1))
        high_score_str =  "{:,}".format(high_score)
        self.high_score_image = self.font.render(high_score_str,True,self.text_color,self.ai_settings.bg_color)

        #将最高得分放在屏幕顶部中央
        self.high_score_rect =self.high_score_image.get_rect()
        self.high_score_rect.centerx =self.screen_rect.centerx
        self.high_score_rect.top =self.score_rect.top

    def prep_level(self):
        """将等级转换为渲染的图像"""
        self.level_image =self.font.render(str(self.stats.level),True,self.text_color,self.ai_settings.bg_color)

        #将等级放在得分下面
        self.level_rect = self.level_image.get_rect()
        self.level_rect.right = self.score_rect.right
        self.level_rect.top = self.score_rect.bottom + 10



    def show_score(self):
        """在屏幕上显示飞船和得分"""
        self.screen.blit(self.score_image,self.score_rect)
        self.screen.blit(self.high_score_image,self.high_score_rect)
        self.screen.blit(self.level_image,self.level_rect)
       # self.Ships.draw(self.screen)
"""
    def prep_Ships(self):
      显示还余下多少艘飞船
        self.Ships = Group()
        for Ship_number in range(self.stats.Ship_left):
            Ship = ship(self.ai_settings,self.screen)
            Ship.rect.x =10 + Ship_number*Ship.rect.width
            Ship.rect.y = 10
            self.Ships.add(Ship)
                                           """

8、setting

class settings():
    """储存游戏《外星人入侵》的所有设置类"""

    def __init__(self):
        #屏幕设置
        self.screen_width = 1200
        self.screen_height = 800
        self.bg_color = (230,230,230)

        #飞船设置
        self.ship_speed_factor = 1.5
        self.Ship_limit =3

        #子弹设置
        self.bullet_speed_factor = 3
        self.bullet_width = 5
        self.bullet_height = 15
        self.bullet_color = (10,10,230)
        self.bullet_allowed = 30

        #外星人设置
        self.fleet_drop_speed = 10

        #加快游戏节奏的速度
        self.speedup_scale =1.1
        #外星人点数的提高速度
        self.score_scale = 1.5
        self.initialize_dynamic_settings()

    def initialize_dynamic_settings(self):
        '''初始化随游戏进行而变化的设置'''
        self.Ship_speed_factor = 1.5
        self.bullet_speed_factor = 3
        self.alien_speed_factor =1

         #fleet_direction为1表示向左；为-1表示向右
        self.fleet_direction = 1

        #记分
        self.alien_points = 50


    def increase_speed (self):
        """提高速度设置"""
        self.ship_speed_factor *=self.speedup_scale
        self.bullet_speed_factor *=self.speedup_scale
        self.alien_speed_factor *=self.speedup_scale

        self.alien_points = int(self.alien_points*self.score_scale)
        print(self.alien_points)

9、game_stats

class GameStats():
    def __init__(self,ai_settings):
        self.ai_settings = ai_settings
        self.reset_stats()
        self.game_active =False
        #在任何情况下都不应重置最高得分
        self.high_score = 0
        self.level = 1

    def reset_stats(self):
        """初始化随游戏进行可能变化的统计信息"""
        self.Ship_left = self.ai_settings.Ship_limit
        self.score = 0

三、以后待改进的地方

1、自己对于形参的设置以后需要更加规范，程序再做的过程中，好几次报错是由于形参位置不规范造成的。
2、写代码一定要写注释
3、最后的剩余飞机数显示功能我没做出来，运行程序的时候一直报错说：add函数没有加的对象，目前还没找到原因