python外星人入侵小项目(一)
python外星人入侵小项目(二)
python外星人入侵小项目(三)
python外星人入侵小项目(四)
python外星人入侵小项目(五)
python外星人入侵小项目(六)
python外星人入侵小项目(七)
射杀外星人
检测子弹与外星人的碰撞
子弹击中外星人时,我们要马上知道,以便碰撞发生后让外星人立即消失。为此,我们将在更新子弹的位置后立即检测碰撞。 方法sprite.groupcollide()
将每颗子弹的rect 同每个外星人的rect 进行比较,并返回一个字典,其中包含发生了碰撞的子弹和外星人。在这个字典中,每个键都是一 颗子弹,而相应的值都是被击中的外星人。
生成新的外星人群
这个游戏的一个重要特点是外星人无穷无尽,一个外星人群被消灭后,又会出现一群外星人。 要在外星人群被消灭后又显示一群外星人,首先需要检查编组aliens 是否为空。如果为空,就调用create_fleet()
。我们将在update_bullets()
中执行这种检查,因为外星人都是在这里被消灭的
结束游戏
检测外星人和飞船碰撞
我们首先检查外星人和飞船之间的碰撞,以便外星人撞上飞船时我们能够作出合适的响应。我们在更新每个外星人的位置后立即检测外星人和飞船之间的碰撞。
响应外星人和飞船碰撞
现在需要确定外星人与飞船发生碰撞时,该做些什么。我们不销毁ship 实例并创建一个新的ship 实例,而是通过跟踪游戏的统计信息来记录飞船被撞了多少次(跟踪统计信息 还有助于记分)。 编写一个用于跟踪游戏统计信息的新类——GameStats ,并将其保存为文件game_stats.py
有外星人到达屏幕底端
如果有外星人到达屏幕底端,我们将像有外星人撞到飞船那样作出响应。请添加一个执行这项任务的新函数,并将其命名为update_aliens()
游戏结束
现在这个游戏看起来更完整了,但它永远都不会结束,只是ships_left
不断变成更小的负数。下面在GameStats 中添加一个作为标志的属性game_active
,以便在玩家的飞船用完后结束游戏
文件代码:
alien_invasion.py:
import sys
import pygame
from settings import Settings
from ship import Ship
from alien import Alien
import game_functions as gf
from pygame.sprite import Group
from game_stats import GameStats
def run_game():
# 初始化游戏并创建一个屏幕对象
pygame.init()
ai_settings = Settings()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((ai_settings.screen_width, ai_settings.screen_height))
pygame.display.set_caption("Alien Invasion")
# 创建一个存储统计信息的实例
stats = GameStats(ai_settings)
# 创建一艘飞船
ship = Ship(ai_settings, screen)
bullets = Group()
aliens = Group()
# 创建外星人群
gf.create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens)
while True:
gf.check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
if stats.game_active:
ship.update()
gf.update_bullets(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)
gf.update_aliens(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)
gf.update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)
run_game()
alien.py:
import pygame
from pygame.sprite import Sprite
class Alien(Sprite):
"""表示单个外星人的类"""
def __init__(self, ai_settings, screen):
"""初始化外星人并设置其起始位置"""
super(Alien, self).__init__()
self.screen = screen
self.ai_settings = ai_settings
# 加载外星人图像,并设置其rect属性
self.image = pygame.image.load('images/alien.bmp')
self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
# 每个外星人最初都在屏幕左上角附近
self.rect.x = self.rect.width
self.rect.y = self.rect.height
# 存储外星人的准确位置
self.x = float(self.rect.x)
def blitme(self):
"""在指定位置绘制外星人"""
self.screen.blit(self.image, self.rect)
def check_edges(self):
"""如果外星人位于屏幕边缘,就返回True"""
screen_rect = self.screen.get_rect()
if self.rect.right >= screen_rect.right:
return True
elif self.rect.left <= 0:
return True
def update(self):
"""向左或向右移动外星人"""
self.x += (self.ai_settings.alien_speed_factor * self.ai_settings.fleet_direction)
self.rect.x = self.x
game_functions.py:
import sys
import pygame
from bullet import Bullet
from alien import Alien
from time import sleep
def check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
"""响应按键"""
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
ship.moving_right = True
elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
ship.moving_left = True
elif event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:
fire_bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
elif event.key == pygame.K_q:
sys.exit()
def fire_bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
"""如果还没有到达限制,就发射一颗子弹"""
# 创建新子弹,并将其加入到编组bullets中
if len(bullets) < ai_settings.bullets_allowed:
new_bullet = Bullet(ai_settings, screen, ship)
bullets.add(new_bullet)
def check_keyup_events(event, ship):
"""响应松开"""
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
ship.moving_right = False
elif event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
ship.moving_left = False
def check_events(ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets):
"""响应按键和鼠标事件"""
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
sys.exit()
elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
check_keydown_events(event, ai_settings, screen, ship, bullets)
elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
check_keyup_events(event, ship)
def update_screen(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):
"""更新屏幕上的图像,并切换到新屏幕"""
# 每次循环时都重绘屏幕
screen.fill(ai_settings.bg_color)
for bullet in bullets.sprites():
bullet.draw_bullet()
ship.blitme()
aliens.draw(screen)
# 让最近绘制的屏幕可见
pygame.display.flip()
def update_bullets(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):
"""更新子弹的位置,并删除已消失的子弹"""
# 更新子弹的位置
bullets.update()
# 删除已消失的子弹
for bullet in bullets.copy():
if bullet.rect.bottom <= 0:
bullets.remove(bullet)
check_bullet_alien_collisions(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)
def check_bullet_alien_collisions(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):
"""响应子弹和外星人的碰撞"""
# 删除发生碰撞的子弹和外星人
collisions = pygame.sprite.groupcollide(bullets, aliens, True, True)
if len(aliens) == 0:
# 删除现有的子弹并新建一群外星人
bullets.empty()
create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens)
def get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings, alien_width):
"""计算每行可容纳多少个外星人"""
available_space_x = ai_settings.screen_width - 2 * alien_width
number_aliens_x = int(available_space_x / (2 * alien_width))
return number_aliens_x
def get_number_rows(ai_settings, ship_height, alien_height):
"""计算屏幕可容纳多少行外星人"""
available_space_y = (ai_settings.screen_height - (7 * alien_height) - ship_height)
number_rows = int(available_space_y / (2 * alien_height))
return number_rows
def create_alien(ai_settings, screen, aliens, alien_number, row_number):
"""创建一个外星人并将其放在当前行"""
alien = Alien(ai_settings, screen)
alien_width = alien.rect.width
alien.x = alien_width + 2 * alien_width * alien_number
alien.rect.x = alien.x
alien.rect.y = alien.rect.height + 2 * alien.rect.height * row_number
aliens.add(alien)
def check_fleet_edges(ai_settings, aliens):
"""有外星人到达边缘时采取相应的措施"""
for alien in aliens.sprites():
if alien.check_edges():
change_fleet_direction(ai_settings, aliens)
break
def change_fleet_direction(ai_settings, aliens):
"""将整群外星人下移,并改变它们的方向"""
for alien in aliens.sprites():
alien.rect.y += ai_settings.fleet_drop_speed
ai_settings.fleet_direction *= -1
def ship_hit(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):
"""响应被外星人撞到的飞船"""
# 将ships_left减1
if stats.ships_left > 0:
stats.ships_left -= 1
# 清空外星人列表和子弹列表
aliens.empty()
bullets.empty()
# 创建一群新的外星人,并将飞船放到屏幕底端中央
create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens)
ship.center_ship()
# 暂停
sleep(0.5)
else:
stats.game_active = False
def check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):
"""检查是否有外星人到达了屏幕底端"""
screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
for alien in aliens.sprites():
if alien.rect.bottom >= screen_rect.bottom:
# 像飞船被撞到一样进行处理
ship_hit(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)
break
def update_aliens(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets):
""" 检查是否有外星人位于屏幕边缘,并更新整群外星人的位置 """
check_fleet_edges(ai_settings, aliens)
aliens.update()
# 检测外星人和飞船之间的碰撞
if pygame.sprite.spritecollideany(ship, aliens):
ship_hit(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)
check_aliens_bottom(ai_settings, stats, screen, ship, aliens, bullets)
def create_fleet(ai_settings, screen, ship, aliens):
"""创建外星人群"""
alien = Alien(ai_settings, screen)
number_aliens_x = get_number_aliens_x(ai_settings, alien.rect.width)
number_rows = get_number_rows(ai_settings, ship.rect.height, alien.rect.height)
# 创建外星人群
for row_number in range(number_rows):
for alien_number in range(number_aliens_x):
create_alien(ai_settings, screen, aliens, alien_number, row_number)
game_stats.py:
class GameStats():
"""跟踪游戏的统计信息"""
def __init__(self, ai_settings):
"""初始化统计信息"""
self.ai_settings = ai_settings
self.reset_stats()
self.game_active = True
def reset_stats(self):
"""初始化在游戏运行期间可能变化的统计信息"""
self.ships_left = self.ai_settings.ship_limit
ship.py:
import pygame
class Ship():
def __init__(self, ai_settings, screen):
"""初始化飞船并设置其初始位置"""
self.screen = screen
self.ai_settings = ai_settings
# 加载飞船图像并获取其外接矩形
self.image = pygame.image.load('images/ship.bmp')
self.rect = self.image.get_rect()
self.screen_rect = screen.get_rect()
# 将每艘新飞船放在屏幕底部中央
self.rect.centerx = self.screen_rect.centerx
self.rect.bottom = self.screen_rect.bottom
# 在飞船的属性center中存储小数值
self.center = float(self.rect.centerx)
# 移动标志
self.moving_right = False
self.moving_left = False
def update(self):
if self.moving_right and self.rect.right < self.screen_rect.right:
self.center += self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor
if self.moving_left and self.rect.left > 0:
self.center -= self.ai_settings.ship_speed_factor
# 根据self.center更新rect对象
self.rect.centerx = self.center
def blitme(self):
"""在指定位置绘制飞船"""
self.screen.blit(self.image, self.rect)
def center_ship(self):
"""让飞船在屏幕上居中"""
self.center = self.screen_rect.centerx
settings.py:
class Settings():
"""存储《外星人入侵》的所有设置的类"""
def __init__(self):
"""初始化游戏的设置"""
# 屏幕设置
self.screen_width = 1200
self.screen_height = 800
self.bg_color = (230, 230, 230)
# 飞船的设置
self.ship_speed_factor = 1.5
# 子弹设置
self.ship_limit = 3
self.bullet_speed_factor = 3
self.bullet_width = 3
self.bullet_height = 15
self.bullet_color = 60, 60, 60
self.bullets_allowed = 3
self.alien_speed_factor = 0.5
self.fleet_drop_speed = 10
# fleet_direction为1表示向右移,为-1表示向左移
self.fleet_direction = 1