python的异常处理

异常处理

1.异常
Python使用异常对象来表示异常状态，并在遇到错误时引发异常。异常对象未被处（或捕获）时，程序将终止并显示一条错误消息（traceback）。如下。

>>> 1 / 0
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero 

每个异常都是某个类（这里是ZeroDivisionError）的实例。你能以各种方式引发和捕获这些实例，从而逮住错误并采取措施，而不是放任整个程序失败。
2.raise语句，异常类
使用raise语句，并将一个类（必须是Exception的子类）或实例作为参数，能够引发异常

>>> raise Exception 
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
Exception
>>> raise Exception('hyperdrive overload')
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
Exception: hyperdrive overload 

3.捕获异常
举一个异常的例子

x = int(input('Enter the first number: '))
y = int(input('Enter the second number: '))
print(x / y) 
Enter the first number: 10
Enter the second number: 0
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "exceptions.py", line 3, in ?
 print(x / y)
ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero 

我们能够捕获异常并对异常更加人性化的进行处理

try:
 x = int(input('Enter the first number: '))
 y = int(input('Enter the second number: '))
 print(x / y)
except ZeroDivisionError:
 print("The second number can't be zero!")

多个except
因为程序会遇到不同的报错

try:
  x = int(input('Enter the first number: '))
  y = int(input('Enter the second number: '))
  print(x / y)
except ZeroDivisionError:
 print("The second number can't be zero!")
except ValueError:
 print("That wasn't a number, was it?")

使用else子句进行循环

while True:
 try:
 x = int(input('Enter the first number: '))
 y = int(input('Enter the second number: '))
 value = x / y
 print('x / y is', value)
 except:
 print('Invalid input. Please try again.')
 else:
 break 

运行结果
只要出现错误，程序就会要求用户提供新的输入。

Enter the first number: 1
Enter the second number: 0
Invalid input. Please try again.
Enter the first number: 'foo'
Enter the second number: 'bar'
Invalid input. Please try again.
Enter the first number: baz
Invalid input. Please try again.
Enter the first number: 10
Enter the second number: 2
x / y is 5