Games 101（thrid_part）

最新推荐文章于 2024-08-16 09:45:13 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-08-16 09:45:13 发布

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分类专栏： Games 101 学习笔记文章标签：图形渲染

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_44966353/article/details/127392049

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Games 101 – Shading

Shading Frequencies ( 着色频率 )

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1、Shade each triangle （flat shading）

flat shading （平面着色）

Triangle face is flat-— one normal vector (一个法向量)
Not good for smooth surfaces

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2、Shade each vertex ( Gouraud shading)

Gouraud shading （Gouraud 着色法）

Interpolate colorsfrom vertices across triangle ( 从三角形顶点插值颜色)
Each vertex has a normal vector (how?)

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3、Shade each pixel (Phong shading)

Phong shading （Phong 着色法）

Interpolate normal vectors across each triangle
Compute full shading model at each pixel
Not the Blinn-PhongReflectance Model

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contrast(对比)

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Defining Per-Vertex Normal Vectors

（定义每个顶点法法线）

Best to get vertex normals from the underlying geometry（基础几何图形）

e.g. consider a sphere（球）

Otherwise have to infer（推测） vertex normals from triangle faces

Simple scheme: average surrounding face normals（平均周围面法线）

$N_{v}=\frac{\sum_{i} N_{i}}{\left\|\sum_{i} N_{i}\right\|}$

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Defining Per-Pixel Normal Vectors

Barycentric interpolation（齐次插值） of vertex normals

Don’t forget to normalize（归一化） the interpolated directions（插值方向）

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Graphics (Real-time Rendering) Pipeline 管线

图形管线；实时渲染管线

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shader programs

Program vertex and fragment processing stages（程序顶点和片段处理阶段）
Describe operation（描述操作） on a single vertex (or fragment)

shader

Shader function executes（执行） once per fragment.
Outputs color of surface at the current fragment’s screen sample position.（在当前片段的屏幕采样位置输出曲面颜色）
This shader performs a texture lookup to obtain the surface’s material color at this point, thenperforms a diffuse lighting calculation.（该着色器执行纹理查找以获取此时曲面的材质颜色，然后执行漫反射照明计算。）

http://shadertoy.com/view/ld3Gz2（在线shader的网站）

（GPU：并行计算）Specialized processors for executing graphics pipeline computations

Texture Mapping（纹理映射）

Different Colors at Different Places ?

$\mathbf{L}_{-} \mathbf{d}=k_{-} d^{*}\left(\mathbf{I} / \mathbf{r}^{\wedge} \mathbf{2}\right){ }^{*}(\mathbf{n} \operatorname{dot} \mathbf{l})$

Texture: 定义任意一个点的基本属性

Surfaces are 2D

Surface lives in 3D world space
Every 3D surface point also has a placewhere it goes in the 2D image (texture).（每个3D曲面点在2D图像（纹理）中都有一个位置。）

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Texture Applied to Surface*(应用于表面的纹理)

Each triangle “copies” a piece of the texture image to the surface. (每个三角形都将纹理图像的一部分“复制”到曲面上。)

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Visuaization of Texture Coordinates (纹理坐标的可视化)

Each triangle vertex is assigned a texture coordinate (u,v)

约定熟成（u，v）都在0~1之间

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Textures can be used multiple times!

纹理无缝衔接

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lnterpolation Across Triangles: Barycentric Coordinates ( 重心坐标)

interpolation Across Triangles

Specify values at vertices
Obtain smoothly varying values across triangles（获得三角形中平滑变化的值）
Texture coordinates, colors, normal vectors,…

How do we interpolate? Barycentric Coordinates

Acoordinate system for triangles $(\alpha, \beta, \gamma)$

$\begin{array}{c} (x, y)=\alpha A+\beta B+\gamma C \\ \alpha+\beta+\gamma=1 \end{array}$

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Inside the triangle ifall three coordinates are non-negative ( $(\alpha, \beta, \gamma)$ 都为非负，则在三角形内部)

Geometric viewpoint —— proportional areas ( 几何视点–比例区域 )

$\begin{array}{r} \alpha=\frac{A_{A}}{A_{A}+A_{B}+A_{C}} \\ \beta=\frac{A_{B}}{A_{A}+A_{B}+A_{C}} \\ \gamma=\frac{A_{C}}{A_{A}+A_{B}+A_{C}} \end{array}$

面积比

What’s the barycentric coordinate of the centroid? ( 重心坐标)

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$\begin{aligned} (\alpha, \beta, \gamma) &=\left(\frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{3}\right) \\ (x, y) &=\frac{1}{3} A+\frac{1}{3} B+\frac{1}{3} C \end{aligned}$

$\begin{aligned} \alpha &=\frac{-\left(x-x_{B}\right)\left(y_{C}-y_{B}\right)+\left(y-y_{B}\right)\left(x_{C}-x_{B}\right)}{-\left(x_{A}-x_{B}\right)\left(y_{C}-y_{B}\right)+\left(y_{A}-y_{B}\right)\left(x_{C}-x_{B}\right)} \\ \beta &=\frac{-\left(x-x_{C}\right)\left(y_{A}-y_{C}\right)+\left(y-y_{C}\right)\left(x_{A}-x_{C}\right)}{-\left(x_{B}-x_{C}\right)\left(y_{A}-y_{C}\right)+\left(y_{B}-y_{C}\right)\left(x_{A}-x_{C}\right)} \\ \gamma &=1-\alpha-\beta \end{aligned}$

Linearly interpolate values at vertices

$V=\alpha V_{A}+\beta V_{B}+\gamma V_{C}$

VA,VB, Vc can bepositions,texturecoordinates, color, normal, depth, material attributes… .

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Applying Textures

Simpie Texture Mapping: Diffuse Color （简单纹理映射：漫反射颜色）

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Texture Magnification (What if the texture is too small?) ( 纹理放大 )过小

Generally don’t want this -insufficient texture resolution (纹理分辨率不足)

A pixel on a texture -a texel ( 纹理元素、纹素 )

Bilinear interpolation ( 双线性插值 )

And fractional offsets,(s,t) as shown （以及分数偏移量（s，t）

Linear interpolation（1D）

$\operatorname{lerp}\left(x, v_{0}, v_{1}\right)=v_{0}+x\left(v_{1}-v_{0}\right)$

Two helper lerps (horizontal)

$\begin{array}{l} u_{0}=\operatorname{lerp}\left(s, u_{00}, u_{10}\right) \\ u_{1}=\operatorname{lerp}\left(s, u_{01}, u_{11}\right) \end{array}$

Final vertical lerp, to get result:

$y)=\operatorname{lerp}\left(t, u_{0}, u_{1}\right)$

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Bilinear interpolation usually gives pretty good resultsat reasonable costs

Texture Magnification (hard case) (What if the texture is too large?) 过大

Point Sampling Textures — Problem（点采样纹理-问题）

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Screen Pixel “Footprint” in Texture (纹理中的屏幕像素“足迹”)

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Antiaiiasing -Supersampling?

Will supersampling work?

Yes, high quality, but costly
When highly minified, many texels in pixel footprintSignal frequency too large in a pixel（高度缩小时，像素足迹中的许多纹理信号频率在像素中太大）
Need even higher sampling frequency （需要更高的采样频率）

Let’s understand this problem in another way

What if we don’t sample?
Just need to get the average value within a range!（只需要得到一个范围内的平均值）

Point Ouery vs.(Avg.) Range Query（每点与（平均）范围查询）

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Mipmap

只能做近似的正方形的查询

Allowing (fast, approx., square) range queries (允许（快速、近似、平方）范围查询)

“Mip” comes from the Latin “multum in parvo”, meaning a multitude in a small space （“Mip”来自拉丁语“multum in parvo”，意思是小空间中的人群）

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mipmap 额外的开销仅仅占正常的1/3的存储

Computing Mipmap Level D

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$D=\log _{2} L \quad L=\max \left(\sqrt{\left(\frac{d u}{d x}\right)^{2}+\left(\frac{d v}{d x}\right)^{2}}, \sqrt{\left(\frac{d u}{d y}\right)^{2}+\left(\frac{d v}{d y}\right)^{2}}\right)$