文章目录
三角函数
定义式
倒数关系
余切:
c
o
t
A
=
1
t
a
n
A
\text { 余切:} \ cotA = \frac{1}{tanA}
余切: cotA=tanA1
正切:
s
e
c
A
=
1
c
o
s
A
\text { 正切:} \ secA = \frac{1}{cosA}
正切: secA=cosA1
余割:
c
s
c
A
=
1
s
i
n
A
\text { 余割:} \ cscA = \frac{1}{sinA}
余割: cscA=sinA1
反正切: a r c t a n ( t a n X ) = t a n ( a r c t a n X ) = X \text { 反正切:} \ arctan(tanX) = tan(arctanX) = X 反正切: arctan(tanX)=tan(arctanX)=X
诱导公式
- sin ( − α ) = − sin α
- cos ( − α ) = cos α
- sin ( π 2 − α ) = cos α
- cos ( π 2 − α ) = sin α
- sin ( π 2 + α ) = cos α
- cos ( π 2 + α ) = − sin α
- sin ( π − α ) = sin α
- cos ( π − α ) = − cos α
- sin ( π + α ) = − sin α
- cos ( π + α ) = − cos α
平方关系
1
+
t
a
n
2
α
=
s
e
c
2
α
1 + tan^2α = sec^2α
1+tan2α=sec2α
1
+
c
o
t
2
α
=
c
s
c
2
α
1 + cot^2α = csc^2α
1+cot2α=csc2α
s
i
n
2
α
+
c
o
s
2
α
=
1
sin^2α + cos^2α = 1
sin2α+cos2α=1
两角和与差的三角函数
s
i
n
(
α
+
β
)
=
s
i
n
α
c
o
s
β
+
c
o
s
α
s
i
n
β
sin ( α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
sin(α+β)=sinαcosβ+cosαsinβ
c
o
s
(
α
+
β
)
=
c
o
s
α
c
o
s
β
−
s
i
n
α
s
i
n
β
cos ( α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
cos(α+β)=cosαcosβ−sinαsinβ
s
i
n
(
α
−
β
)
=
s
i
n
α
c
o
s
β
−
c
o
s
α
s
i
n
β
sin ( α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
sin(α−β)=sinαcosβ−cosαsinβ
c
o
s
(
α
−
β
)
=
c
o
s
α
c
o
s
β
+
s
i
n
α
s
i
n
β
cos ( α − β ) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β
cos(α−β)=cosαcosβ+sinαsinβ
t
a
n
(
α
+
β
)
=
t
a
n
α
+
t
a
n
β
1
−
t
a
n
α
t
a
n
β
tan ( α + β ) = \frac{ tan α + tan β}{1 - tan α tan β}
tan(α+β)=1−tanαtanβtanα+tanβ
t
a
n
(
α
−
β
)
=
t
a
n
α
−
t
a
n
β
1
+
t
a
n
α
t
a
n
β
tan ( α − β ) = \frac{ tan α - tan β}{1 + tan α tan β}
tan(α−β)=1+tanαtanβtanα−tanβ
积化和差公式
c
o
s
α
c
o
s
β
=
1
2
[
c
o
s
(
α
+
β
)
+
c
o
s
(
α
−
β
)
]
cos α cos β = \frac{1}{2} [ cos ( α + β ) + c o s ( α − β ) ]
cosαcosβ=21[cos(α+β)+cos(α−β)]
c
o
s
α
s
i
n
β
=
1
2
[
s
i
n
(
α
+
β
)
−
s
i
n
(
α
−
β
)
]
cos α sin β = \frac{1}{2} [ sin ( α + β ) - sin ( α − β ) ]
cosαsinβ=21[sin(α+β)−sin(α−β)]
s
i
n
α
c
o
s
β
=
1
2
[
s
i
n
(
α
+
β
)
+
s
i
n
(
α
−
β
)
]
sin α cos β = \frac{1}{2} [ sin ( α + β ) + sin ( α − β ) ]
sinαcosβ=21[sin(α+β)+sin(α−β)]
s
i
n
α
s
i
n
β
=
−
1
2
[
c
o
s
(
α
+
β
)
+
c
o
s
(
α
−
β
)
]
sin α sin β = -\frac{1}{2} [ cos ( α + β ) + c o s ( α − β ) ]
sinαsinβ=−21[cos(α+β)+cos(α−β)]
和差化积公式
s
i
n
α
+
s
i
n
β
=
2
s
i
n
α
+
β
2
c
o
s
α
−
β
2
sin α + sin β = 2 sin \frac{α + β}{2} cos \frac{α - β}{2}
sinα+sinβ=2sin2α+βcos2α−β
s
i
n
α
−
s
i
n
β
=
2
c
o
s
α
+
β
2
s
i
n
α
−
β
2
sin α - sin β = 2 cos \frac{α + β}{2} sin \frac{α - β}{2}
sinα−sinβ=2cos2α+βsin2α−β
c
o
s
α
+
c
o
s
β
=
2
c
o
s
α
+
β
2
c
o
s
α
−
β
2
cos α + cos β = 2 cos \frac{α + β}{2} cos \frac{α - β}{2}
cosα+cosβ=2cos2α+βcos2α−β
c
o
s
α
−
c
o
s
β
=
−
2
s
i
n
α
+
β
2
s
i
n
α
−
β
2
cos α - cos β = -2 sin \frac{α + β}{2} sin \frac{α - β}{2}
cosα−cosβ=−2sin2α+βsin2α−β
倍角公式
s
i
n
2
α
=
2
s
i
n
α
c
o
s
α
sin 2 α = 2 sin α cos α
sin2α=2sinαcosα
c
o
s
2
α
=
c
o
s
2
α
−
s
i
n
2
α
=
1
−
2
s
i
n
2
α
=
2
c
o
s
2
α
−
1
cos 2 α = cos ^2 α − sin ^2 α = 1 − 2 sin ^2 α = 2 cos ^2 α − 1
cos2α=cos2α−sin2α=1−2sin2α=2cos2α−1
s
i
n
3
α
=
−
4
s
i
n
3
α
+
3
s
i
n
α
sin 3 α = − 4 sin ^3 α + 3 sin α
sin3α=−4sin3α+3sinα
c
o
s
3
α
=
4
c
o
s
3
α
−
3
c
o
s
α
cos 3 α = 4 cos ^3 α − 3 cos α
cos3α=4cos3α−3cosα
s
i
n
2
α
=
1
−
c
o
s
2
α
2
sin ^2 α = \frac{1 − cos 2 α}{2}
sin2α=21−cos2α
c
o
s
2
α
=
1
+
c
o
s
2
α
2
cos ^2 α = \frac{1 + cos 2 α}{2}
cos2α=21+cos2α
t
a
n
2
α
=
2
t
a
n
α
1
−
t
a
n
2
α
tan 2 α = \frac{2 tan α}{1 − tan ^2 α }
tan2α=1−tan2α2tanα
c
o
t
2
α
=
c
o
t
2
α
−
1
2
c
o
t
α
cot 2 α = \frac{cot ^2 α − 1}{2 cot α}
cot2α=2cotαcot2α−1
半角公式
s
i
n
2
α
2
=
1
−
c
o
s
α
2
sin ^2 \frac{α}{2} = \frac{1 − cos α}{2}
sin22α=21−cosα
c
o
s
2
α
2
=
1
+
c
o
s
α
2
cos ^2 \frac{α}{2} = \frac{1 + cos α}{2}
cos22α=21+cosα
s
i
n
α
2
=
±
1
−
c
o
s
α
2
sin \frac{α}{2} = ±\sqrt{\frac{1 - cos α}{2}}
sin2α=±21−cosα
c
o
s
α
2
=
±
1
+
c
o
s
α
2
cos \frac{α}{2} = ±\sqrt{\frac{1 + cos α}{2}}
cos2α=±21+cosα
t
a
n
α
2
=
1
−
c
o
s
α
s
i
n
α
=
s
i
n
α
1
+
c
o
s
α
=
±
1
−
c
o
s
α
1
+
c
o
s
α
tan \frac{α}{2} = \frac{1 - cos α}{sin α} = \frac{sin α}{1 + cos α } = ±\sqrt{\frac{1 - cos α}{1 + cos α}}
tan2α=sinα1−cosα=1+cosαsinα=±1+cosα1−cosα
c
o
t
α
2
=
s
i
n
α
1
−
c
o
s
α
=
1
+
c
o
s
α
s
i
n
α
=
±
1
+
c
o
s
α
1
−
c
o
s
α
cot \frac{α}{2} = \frac{sin α}{1 - cos α} = \frac{1 + cos α }{sin α } = ±\sqrt{\frac{1 + cos α}{1 - cos α}}
cot2α=1−cosαsinα=sinα1+cosα=±1−cosα1+cosα
万能公式
s
i
n
α
=
2
t
a
n
α
2
1
+
t
a
n
2
α
2
sin α = \frac{2tan \frac{α}{2}}{1 + tan ^2 \frac{α}{2}}
sinα=1+tan22α2tan2α
c
o
s
α
=
1
−
t
a
n
2
α
2
1
+
t
a
n
2
α
2
cos α = \frac{1 - tan ^2 \frac{α}{2}}{1 + tan ^2 \frac{α}{2}}
cosα=1+tan22α1−tan22α
其他公式
1
+
s
i
n
α
=
(
s
i
n
α
2
+
c
o
s
α
2
)
2
1 + sin α = ( sin \frac{α}{2} + cos \frac{α}{2}) ^2
1+sinα=(sin2α+cos2α)2
1
−
s
i
n
α
=
(
s
i
n
α
2
−
c
o
s
α
2
)
2
1 - sin α = ( sin \frac{α}{2} - cos \frac{α}{2}) ^2
1−sinα=(sin2α−cos2α)2
反三角函数恒等式
a
r
c
s
i
n
x
+
a
r
c
c
o
s
x
=
π
2
arcsin x + arccos x = \frac{π}{2}
arcsinx+arccosx=2π
a
r
c
t
a
n
x
+
a
r
c
c
o
t
x
=
π
2
arctan x + arccot x = \frac{π}{2}
arctanx+arccotx=2π
s
i
n
(
a
r
c
c
o
s
x
)
=
1
−
x
2
sin ( arccos x ) = \sqrt{1 − x ^2}
sin(arccosx)=1−x2
c
o
s
(
a
r
c
s
i
n
x
)
=
1
−
x
2
cos ( arcsin x ) = \sqrt{1 − x ^2}
cos(arcsinx)=1−x2
s
i
n
(
a
r
c
s
i
n
x
)
=
x
sin ( arcsin x ) = x
sin(arcsinx)=x
a
r
c
s
i
n
(
s
i
n
x
)
=
x
arcsin ( sin x ) = x
arcsin(sinx)=x
c
o
s
(
a
r
c
c
o
s
x
)
=
x
cos ( arccos x ) = x
cos(arccosx)=x
a
r
c
c
o
s
(
c
o
s
x
)
=
x
arccos ( cos x ) = x
arccos(cosx)=x
a
r
c
c
o
s
(
−
x
)
=
π
−
a
r
c
c
o
s
x
arccos ( − x ) = π − arccos x
arccos(−x)=π−arccosx
对数函数
定义式
a x = N ⇔ x = l o g a N a^x = N \Leftrightarrow x = log_a{N} ax=N⇔x=logaN
- x叫做以a为底N的对数
- a叫做对数的底数
- N叫做真数
运算
l
o
g
α
M
N
=
l
o
g
α
M
+
l
o
g
α
N
log_α{MN} = log_α{M} + log_α{N}
logαMN=logαM+logαN
l
o
g
α
M
N
=
l
o
g
α
M
−
l
o
g
α
N
log_α{\frac{M}{N}} = log_α{M} - log_α{N}
logαNM=logαM−logαN
a l n x = l n x a a lnx = lnx^a alnx=lnxa
无穷小的比较
- 若 limβ/α = 0,则称β是比α高阶的无穷小,记作 β = o(α);
- 若 limβ/α = ∞,则称β是比α低阶的无穷小;
- 若 limβ/α = c ≠ 0,则称β与α是同阶无穷小;
- 若 limβ/α = 1,则称β与α是等价无穷小,记作 α ~ β;
- 若 limβ/α^k = c ≠ 0,则称β是比αk阶的无穷小;
极限的计算
常用的等价无穷小
s
i
n
x
∼
x
sinx \sim x
sinx∼x
t
a
n
x
∼
x
tanx \sim x
tanx∼x
a
r
c
s
i
n
x
∼
x
arcsinx \sim x
arcsinx∼x
a
r
c
t
a
n
x
∼
x
arctanx \sim x
arctanx∼x
1
−
c
o
s
x
∼
1
2
x
2
1 - cos x \sim \frac{1}{2} x^2
1−cosx∼21x2
l
n
(
1
+
x
)
∼
x
ln(1 + x)\sim x
ln(1+x)∼x
e
x
−
1
∼
x
e^x - 1 \sim x
ex−1∼x
a
x
−
1
∼
x
l
n
a
a^x - 1 \sim xlna
ax−1∼xlna
(
1
+
x
)
a
−
1
∼
a
x
(1 + x)^a - 1 \sim ax
(1+x)a−1∼ax
(
1
+
x
)
a
−
1
∼
a
x
(1 + x)^a - 1 \sim ax
(1+x)a−1∼ax
1
+
x
−
1
−
x
∼
x
\sqrt{1 + x} - \sqrt{1 - x} \sim x
1+x−1−x∼x
x
−
s
i
n
x
∼
1
6
x
3
x - sinx \sim \frac{1}{6}x^3
x−sinx∼61x3
t
a
n
x
−
x
∼
1
3
x
3
tanx - x \sim \frac{1}{3}x^3
tanx−x∼31x3
x
−
l
n
(
1
+
x
)
∼
1
2
x
2
x - ln(1 + x) \sim \frac{1}{2}x^2
x−ln(1+x)∼21x2
a
r
c
s
i
n
x
−
x
∼
1
6
x
3
arcsinx - x \sim \frac{1}{6}x^3
arcsinx−x∼61x3
x
−
a
r
c
t
a
n
x
∼
1
3
x
3
x - arctanx \sim \frac{1}{3}x^3
x−arctanx∼31x3
第一重要极限
第一重要极限:
lim
n
→
0
s
i
n
x
x
=
1
\text {第一重要极限:} \lim_{n \to 0} \frac{sinx}{x} = 1
第一重要极限:n→0limxsinx=1
推广:
lim
s
i
n
α
α
=
1
(
α
为无穷小量
)
\text {推广:} \lim \frac{sinα}{α} = 1(α为无穷小量)
推广:limαsinα=1(α为无穷小量)
由第一重要极限可得以下极限结果:
lim
n
→
0
t
a
n
x
x
=
1
,
lim
n
→
0
a
r
c
s
i
n
x
x
=
1
,
lim
n
→
0
a
r
c
t
a
n
x
x
=
1
,
lim
n
→
0
1
−
c
o
s
x
x
2
=
1
2
,
lim
n
→
0
s
i
n
α
x
x
=
α
,
lim
n
→
0
s
i
n
α
x
s
i
n
β
x
=
α
β
,
\lim_{n \to 0} \frac{tanx}{x} = 1, \lim_{n \to 0} \frac{arcsinx}{x} = 1, \lim_{n \to 0} \frac{arctanx}{x} = 1,\lim_{n \to 0} \frac{1 - cosx}{x^2} = \frac{1}{2},\lim_{n \to 0} \frac{sinαx}{x} = α,\lim_{n \to 0} \frac{sinαx}{sinβx} = \frac{α}{β},
n→0limxtanx=1,n→0limxarcsinx=1,n→0limxarctanx=1,n→0limx21−cosx=21,n→0limxsinαx=α,n→0limsinβxsinαx=βα,
第二重要极限
∗ ∗ 1 ∞ 型极限常用结论 ∗ ∗ **1^∞ 型极限常用结论** ∗∗1∞型极限常用结论∗∗
第二重要极限:
lim
n
→
∞
(
1
+
1
n
)
n
=
e
,
lim
n
→
∞
(
1
+
1
x
)
x
=
e
,
lim
n
→
0
(
1
+
x
)
1
x
=
e
,
\text {第二重要极限:} \lim_{n \to \infty} (1 + \frac{1}{n})^n = e,\lim_{n \to \infty} (1 + \frac{1}{x})^x = e,\lim_{n \to 0} (1 + x)^{\frac{1}{x}} = e,
第二重要极限:n→∞lim(1+n1)n=e,n→∞lim(1+x1)x=e,n→0lim(1+x)x1=e,
推广:
lim
(
1
+
α
)
1
α
=
e
(
α
为无穷小量
)
\text {推广:} \lim (1 + α) ^{\frac{1}{α}}= e(α为无穷小量)
推广:lim(1+α)α1=e(α为无穷小量)
由第二重要极限可得以下极限结果:
lim
n
→
∞
(
1
−
1
x
)
x
=
1
e
,
lim
n
→
∞
(
1
+
a
x
)
b
x
=
e
a
b
,
lim
n
→
∞
(
1
+
a
x
)
b
x
+
c
=
e
a
b
,
\lim_{n \to \infty} (1 - \frac{1}{x})^x = \frac{1}{e},\lim_{n \to \infty} (1 + \frac{a}{x})^{bx} = e^{ab},\lim_{n \to \infty} (1 + \frac{a}{x})^{bx + c} = e^{ab},
n→∞lim(1−x1)x=e1,n→∞lim(1+xa)bx=eab,n→∞lim(1+xa)bx+c=eab,
导数计算
当自变量的增量趋于零时,因变量的增量与自变量的增量之商的极限
定义
自变量增量:
Δ
x
≠
0
\text {自变量增量:} \Delta x \neq 0
自变量增量:Δx=0
函数增量:
Δ
y
=
f
(
x
+
Δ
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
\text {函数增量:} \Delta y = f(x + \Delta x) - f(x)
函数增量:Δy=f(x+Δx)−f(x)
作商:
Δ
y
Δ
x
\text {作商:} \frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x}
作商:ΔxΔy
求极限:
lim
Δ
x
→
0
Δ
y
Δ
x
=
f
′
(
x
)
\text {求极限:} \lim_{ \Delta x \to 0} \frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x} = f'(x)
求极限:Δx→0limΔxΔy=f′(x)
基本初等函数
常数函数:
y
=
c
,导数
y
′
=
0
\text {常数函数:}y = c,导数 y' = 0
常数函数:y=c,导数y′=0
幂函数:
y
=
x
n
,导数
y
′
=
n
x
(
n
−
1
)
\text {幂函数:}y = x^n,导数 y' = n x ^ {(n-1)}
幂函数:y=xn,导数y′=nx(n−1)
指数函数:
y
=
a
x
,导数
y
′
=
a
x
l
n
(
a
)
;
y
=
e
x
,导数
y
′
=
e
x
(
y
′
=
−
e
x
,
x
<
0
)
\text {指数函数:}y = a^x,导数 y' = a^x ln(a);y= e^x,导数 y' = e^x(y' = -e^x, x<0)
指数函数:y=ax,导数y′=axln(a);y=ex,导数y′=ex(y′=−ex,x<0)
对数函数:
y
=
log
a
x
,导数
y
′
=
1
x
l
n
a
;
y
=
l
n
x
,导数
y
′
=
1
x
\text {对数函数:}y = \log_ax,导数 y' =\frac{1} {x lna};y = lnx,导数 y' =\frac{1}{x}
对数函数:y=logax,导数y′=xlna1;y=lnx,导数y′=x1
双曲函数:
y
=
s
h
x
,导数
y
′
=
c
h
x
;
y
=
c
h
x
,导数
y
′
=
s
h
x
\text {双曲函数:}y = shx,导数 y' = chx;y = chx,导数 y' = shx
双曲函数:y=shx,导数y′=chx;y=chx,导数y′=shx
加法法则:
(
f
(
x
)
+
g
(
x
)
)
′
=
f
′
(
x
)
+
g
′
(
x
)
\text {加法法则:}(f(x) + g(x))' = f'(x) + g'(x)
加法法则:(f(x)+g(x))′=f′(x)+g′(x)
减法法则:
(
f
(
x
)
−
g
(
x
)
)
′
=
f
′
(
x
)
−
g
′
(
x
)
\text {减法法则:}(f(x) - g(x))' = f'(x) - g'(x)
减法法则:(f(x)−g(x))′=f′(x)−g′(x)
三角函数
三角函数:
y
=
s
i
n
x
,导数
y
′
=
c
o
s
x
;
y
=
c
o
s
x
,导数
y
′
=
−
s
i
n
x
;
y
=
t
a
n
x
,导数
y
′
=
s
e
c
2
x
=
1
+
t
a
n
2
x
\text {三角函数:}y = sinx,导数 y' = cosx;y = cosx,导数 y' = -sinx;y = tanx,导数 y' = sec^2 x = 1 + tan^2x
三角函数:y=sinx,导数y′=cosx;y=cosx,导数y′=−sinx;y=tanx,导数y′=sec2x=1+tan2x
正切余切:
y
=
t
a
n
x
,导数
y
′
=
s
e
c
2
x
/
y
′
=
1
c
o
s
2
x
;
y
=
c
o
t
x
,导数
y
′
=
−
c
s
c
2
x
/
y
′
=
−
1
s
i
n
2
x
\text {正切余切:}y = tanx,导数 y' = sec^2x / y' = \frac{1}{cos^2x};y = cotx,导数 y' = -csc^2x / y' = - \frac{1}{sin^2x}
正切余切:y=tanx,导数y′=sec2x/y′=cos2x1;y=cotx,导数y′=−csc2x/y′=−sin2x1
正割余割:
y
=
s
e
c
x
,导数
y
′
=
t
a
n
x
∗
s
e
c
x
;
y
=
c
s
c
x
,导数
y
′
=
−
c
o
t
x
∗
c
s
c
x
\text {正割余割:}y = secx,导数 y' = tanx*secx;y = cscx,导数 y' = -cotx * cscx
正割余割:y=secx,导数y′=tanx∗secx;y=cscx,导数y′=−cotx∗cscx
反三角函数:
y
=
a
r
c
s
i
n
x
,导数
y
′
=
1
1
−
x
2
;
y
=
a
r
c
c
o
s
x
,导数
y
′
=
−
1
1
−
x
2
;
y
=
a
r
c
t
a
n
x
,导数
y
′
=
1
1
+
x
2
;
y
=
a
r
c
c
o
t
x
,导数
y
′
=
−
1
1
+
x
2
;
\text {反三角函数:}y = arcsinx,导数 y' = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}}; y = arccosx,导数 y' = \frac{-1}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}}; y = arctanx,导数 y' = \frac{1}{1 + x^2}; y = arccotx,导数 y' = \frac{-1}{1 + x^2};
反三角函数:y=arcsinx,导数y′=1−x21;y=arccosx,导数y′=1−x2−1;y=arctanx,导数y′=1+x21;y=arccotx,导数y′=1+x2−1;
三角函数平方求导:
y
=
s
i
n
2
x
,导数
y
′
=
s
i
n
2
x
/
2
s
i
n
x
c
o
s
x
;
y
=
c
o
s
2
x
,导数
y
′
=
−
s
i
n
2
x
/
−
2
c
o
n
x
s
i
n
x
;
y
=
t
a
n
2
x
,导数
y
′
=
2
t
a
n
x
s
e
c
2
x
/
2
s
i
n
x
c
o
s
3
x
\text {三角函数平方求导:}y = sin^2x,导数 y' = sin2x / 2sinxcosx;y = cos^2x,导数 y' = -sin2x / -2conxsinx;y = tan^2x,导数 y' = 2tanxsec^2x / 2 \frac{sinx}{cos^3x}
三角函数平方求导:y=sin2x,导数y′=sin2x/2sinxcosx;y=cos2x,导数y′=−sin2x/−2conxsinx;y=tan2x,导数y′=2tanxsec2x/2cos3xsinx
反三角函数平方求导:
y
=
c
o
t
2
x
,导数
y
′
=
−
2
c
o
t
x
c
s
c
2
x
;
y
=
s
e
c
2
x
,导数
y
′
=
2
s
e
c
x
∗
s
e
c
x
t
a
n
x
/
2
s
e
c
2
x
∗
t
a
n
x
;
y
=
c
s
c
2
x
,导数
y
′
=
2
c
o
t
x
c
s
c
2
x
;
\text {反三角函数平方求导:}y = cot^2x,导数 y' = -2cotxcsc^2x;y = sec^2x,导数 y' = 2secx*secxtanx / 2sec^2x*tanx;y = csc^2x,导数 y' = 2cotxcsc^2x;
反三角函数平方求导:y=cot2x,导数y′=−2cotxcsc2x;y=sec2x,导数y′=2secx∗secxtanx/2sec2x∗tanx;y=csc2x,导数y′=2cotxcsc2x;
四则运算法则
[
u
(
x
)
±
v
(
x
)
]
′
=
u
′
(
x
)
±
v
′
(
x
)
[u(x) \pm v(x)]' = u'(x) \pm v'(x)
[u(x)±v(x)]′=u′(x)±v′(x)
[
u
(
x
)
v
(
x
)
]
′
=
u
′
(
x
)
v
(
x
)
+
u
(
x
)
v
′
(
x
)
[u(x)v(x)]' = u'(x)v(x) + u(x)v'(x)
[u(x)v(x)]′=u′(x)v(x)+u(x)v′(x)
[
u
(
x
)
v
(
x
)
]
′
=
u
′
(
x
)
v
(
x
)
−
u
(
x
)
v
′
(
x
)
v
2
(
x
)
[\frac{u(x)}{v(x)}]' = \frac{u'(x)v(x) - u(x)v'(x)}{v^2(x)}
[v(x)u(x)]′=v2(x)u′(x)v(x)−u(x)v′(x)
[
u
1
(
x
)
±
u
2
(
x
)
±
.
.
.
±
u
n
(
x
)
]
′
=
u
1
′
(
x
)
±
u
2
′
(
x
)
±
.
.
.
±
u
n
′
(
x
)
[u_1(x) \pm u_2(x) \pm ... \pm u_n(x)]' = u_1'(x) \pm u_2'(x) \pm ... \pm u_n'(x)
[u1(x)±u2(x)±...±un(x)]′=u1′(x)±u2′(x)±...±un′(x)
[
u
1
(
x
)
u
2
(
x
)
.
.
.
u
n
(
x
)
]
′
=
u
1
′
(
x
)
u
2
(
x
)
.
.
.
u
n
(
x
)
+
u
1
(
x
)
u
2
′
(
x
)
.
.
.
u
n
(
x
)
+
.
.
.
+
u
1
(
x
)
u
2
(
x
)
.
.
.
u
n
′
(
x
)
[u_1(x)u_2(x)...u_n(x)]' = u_1'(x)u_2(x)...u_n(x) + u_1(x)u_2'(x)...u_n(x) + ... + u_1(x)u_2(x)...u_n'(x)
[u1(x)u2(x)...un(x)]′=u1′(x)u2(x)...un(x)+u1(x)u2′(x)...un(x)+...+u1(x)u2(x)...un′(x)
[
u
n
(
x
)
]
′
=
n
u
n
−
1
(
x
)
u
′
(
x
)
[u^n(x)]' = nu^{n - 1}(x)u'(x)
[un(x)]′=nun−1(x)u′(x)
隐函数
d y d x = − F ′ ( x ) F ′ ( y ) \frac{dy}{dx} = -\frac{F'(x)}{F'(y)} dxdy=−F′(y)F′(x)
高阶导数
莱布尼兹公式:
[
u
(
x
)
v
(
x
)
]
(
n
)
=
∑
i
=
0
n
C
n
i
u
(
n
−
i
)
(
x
)
∗
v
(
i
)
(
x
)
=
u
(
n
)
(
x
)
v
(
x
)
+
C
n
1
u
(
n
−
1
)
(
x
)
v
′
(
x
)
+
.
.
.
+
C
n
k
u
(
n
−
k
)
(
x
)
v
(
k
)
(
x
)
+
.
.
.
+
u
(
x
)
v
(
n
)
(
x
)
[u(x)v(x)]^{(n)} = \sum_{i = 0}^n C_n^i u^{(n-i)}(x) * v^{(i)}(x) = u^{(n)}(x)v(x) + C_n^1u^{(n-1)}(x)v'(x) + ... + C_n^ku^{(n-k)}(x)v^{(k)}(x) + ... + u(x)v^{(n)}(x)
[u(x)v(x)](n)=i=0∑nCniu(n−i)(x)∗v(i)(x)=u(n)(x)v(x)+Cn1u(n−1)(x)v′(x)+...+Cnku(n−k)(x)v(k)(x)+...+u(x)v(n)(x)
(
x
n
)
(
n
)
=
n
!
(x^n) ^{(n)} = n!
(xn)(n)=n!
(
e
x
)
(
n
)
=
e
x
(e^x) ^{(n)} = e^x
(ex)(n)=ex
(
a
x
)
(
n
)
=
a
x
l
n
n
a
(a^x) ^{(n)} = a^xln^na
(ax)(n)=axlnna
(
s
i
n
x
)
(
n
)
=
s
i
n
(
x
+
n
π
2
)
(sinx) ^{(n)} = sin(x + \frac{nπ}{2})
(sinx)(n)=sin(x+2nπ)
(
c
o
s
x
)
(
n
)
=
c
o
s
(
x
+
n
π
2
)
(cosx) ^{(n)} = cos(x + \frac{nπ}{2})
(cosx)(n)=cos(x+2nπ)
(
c
o
s
x
)
(
n
)
=
c
o
s
(
x
+
n
π
2
)
(cosx) ^{(n)} = cos(x + \frac{nπ}{2})
(cosx)(n)=cos(x+2nπ)
(
l
n
x
)
(
n
)
=
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
(
n
−
1
)
!
x
n
)
(lnx) ^{(n)} = (-1)^{n-1}\frac{(n - 1)!}{x^n})
(lnx)(n)=(−1)n−1xn(n−1)!)
[
l
n
(
a
x
+
b
)
]
(
n
)
=
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
(
n
−
1
)
!
a
n
(
a
x
+
b
)
n
)
[ln(ax + b)]^{(n)} = (-1)^{n-1}\frac{(n - 1)!a^n}{(ax + b)^n})
[ln(ax+b)](n)=(−1)n−1(ax+b)n(n−1)!an)
(
1
a
x
+
b
)
(
n
)
=
(
−
1
)
n
a
n
n
!
(
a
x
+
b
)
n
+
1
)
(\frac{1}{ax + b}) ^{(n)} = (-1)^{n}\frac{a^n n!}{(ax + b)^{n + 1}})
(ax+b1)(n)=(−1)n(ax+b)n+1ann!)
(
s
i
n
k
x
)
(
n
)
=
k
n
s
i
n
(
k
x
+
n
π
2
)
(sinkx) ^{(n)} = k^nsin(kx + \frac{nπ}{2})
(sinkx)(n)=knsin(kx+2nπ)
(
c
o
s
k
x
)
(
n
)
=
k
n
c
o
s
(
k
x
+
n
π
2
)
(coskx) ^{(n)} = k^ncos(kx + \frac{nπ}{2})
(coskx)(n)=kncos(kx+2nπ)
导数的定义
lim
Δ
→
0
f
(
x
0
+
a
Δ
x
)
−
f
(
x
0
)
Δ
x
=
a
f
′
(
x
0
)
\lim_{\Delta \to 0} \frac{f(x_0 + a\Delta x) - f(x_0)}{\Delta x} = af'(x_0)
Δ→0limΔxf(x0+aΔx)−f(x0)=af′(x0)
lim
Δ
→
0
f
(
x
0
)
−
f
(
x
0
+
a
Δ
x
)
Δ
x
=
−
a
f
′
(
x
0
)
\lim_{\Delta \to 0} \frac{ f(x_0) - f(x_0 + a\Delta x)}{\Delta x} = -af'(x_0)
Δ→0limΔxf(x0)−f(x0+aΔx)=−af′(x0)
lim
Δ
→
0
f
(
x
0
+
a
Δ
x
)
−
f
(
x
0
+
b
Δ
x
)
Δ
x
=
(
a
−
b
)
f
′
(
x
0
)
\lim_{\Delta \to 0} \frac{ f(x_0 + a\Delta x) - f(x_0 + b\Delta x)}{\Delta x} = (a - b)f'(x_0)
Δ→0limΔxf(x0+aΔx)−f(x0+bΔx)=(a−b)f′(x0)
泰勒公式
定理(带皮亚诺余项的泰勒公式)
设f(x)在x = x_0处n阶可导,则
f
(
x
)
=
f
(
x
0
)
+
f
′
(
x
0
)
(
x
−
x
0
)
+
f
′
′
(
x
0
)
2
!
(
x
−
x
0
)
2
+
.
.
.
+
f
(
n
)
(
x
0
)
n
!
(
x
−
x
0
)
n
+
o
(
x
−
x
0
)
n
f(x) = f(x_0) + f'(x_0)(x - x_0) + \frac{f''(x_0)}{2!}(x - x_0)^2 + ... + \frac{f^{(n)}(x_0)}{n!}(x - x_0)^n + o(x - x_0)^n
f(x)=f(x0)+f′(x0)(x−x0)+2!f′′(x0)(x−x0)2+...+n!f(n)(x0)(x−x0)n+o(x−x0)n
当x_0 = 0时:
f
(
x
)
=
f
(
0
)
+
f
′
(
0
)
x
+
f
′
′
(
0
)
2
!
x
2
+
.
.
.
+
f
(
n
)
(
0
)
n
!
x
n
+
o
(
x
n
)
f(x) = f(0) + f'(0)x + \frac{f''(0)}{2!}x^2 + ... + \frac{f^{(n)}(0)}{n!}x^n + o(x^n)
f(x)=f(0)+f′(0)x+2!f′′(0)x2+...+n!f(n)(0)xn+o(xn)
几个常用的泰勒公式
e
x
=
1
+
x
+
x
2
2
!
+
.
.
.
+
x
n
n
!
+
o
(
x
n
)
e^x = 1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2!} + ... + \frac{x^n}{n!} + o(x^n)
ex=1+x+2!x2+...+n!xn+o(xn)
s
i
n
x
=
x
−
x
3
3
!
+
.
.
.
+
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
x
2
n
−
1
(
2
n
−
1
)
!
+
o
(
x
2
n
−
1
)
sinx = x - \frac{x^3}{3!} + ... + (-1)^{n-1}\frac{x^{2n - 1}}{(2n -1)!} + o(x^{2n - 1})
sinx=x−3!x3+...+(−1)n−1(2n−1)!x2n−1+o(x2n−1)
c
o
s
x
=
1
−
x
2
2
!
+
.
.
.
+
(
−
1
)
n
x
2
n
(
2
n
)
!
+
o
(
x
2
n
)
cosx = 1 - \frac{x^2}{2!} + ... + (-1)^{n}\frac{x^{2n}}{(2n)!} + o(x^{2n})
cosx=1−2!x2+...+(−1)n(2n)!x2n+o(x2n)
l
n
(
1
+
x
)
=
x
−
x
2
2
+
.
.
.
+
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
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ln(1 + x) = x - \frac{x^2}{2} + ... +(-1)^{n - 1} \frac{x^n}{n} + o(x^n)
ln(1+x)=x−2x2+...+(−1)n−1nxn+o(xn)
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(1 + x)^α = 1 +αx + \frac{α(α - 1)}{2!}x^2 + ... + \frac{α(α - 1) ... (α - n + 1)}{n!} + o(x^n)
(1+x)α=1+αx+2!α(α−1)x2+...+n!α(α−1)...(α−n+1)+o(xn)
不等式
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(x - y)^2 = x^2 -2xy +y^2 => x^2 + y^2 \geq 2xy
(x−y)2=x2−2xy+y2=>x2+y2≥2xy
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a^x > x > lnx (x > 1 )
ax>x>lnx(x>1)
恒等式
x = e l n x x=e^{lnx} x=elnx
斜率
- 如果两个曲线相切那么切线斜率相等
- 如果曲线与 x轴相切 那么曲线在x轴有一点 斜率k = 0
中值定理、不等式、零点问题
中值定理
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费马定理: 设f(z)在x=x_0的某邻域U(x_0)内有定义,f(x_0)是f(x)的个极大(极小)值,又设f’(x_0)存在,则f’(x_0)= 0
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罗尔定理: 设f(x)在闭区间[a,b]上连续,在开区间(a,b)内可导,又设f(a)= f(b),则至少存在一点ξ∈(a,b)使f(§)= 0
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拉格朗日中值定理: 设f(x)在闭区间[a,b]上连续,在开区间(a,b)内可导,又设f(a)= f(b),则至少存在一点ξ∈(a,b)使f(b) - f(a) = f’(§)(b - a)
f ( x ) = f ( x 0 ) + f ′ ( § ) ( x − x 0 ) f(x) = f(x_0) + f'(§)(x - x_0) f(x)=f(x0)+f′(§)(x−x0)
令 θ = (§ - x_0) / (x - x_0),则 0 < § < 1,拉格朗日中值公式又可写成
f ( x ) = f ( x 0 ) + f ′ ( x 0 + θ ( x − x 0 ) ) ( x − x 0 ) f(x) = f(x_0) + f'(x_0 + θ(x - x_0))( x - x_0) f(x)=f(x0)+f′(x0+θ(x−x0))(x−x0)
- 柯西中值定理: 设f(x)在闭区间[a,b]上连续,在开区间(a,b)内可导,且g(z)≠0,x∈(a,b),则至少存在一点ξ∈(a,b)使
f ( b ) − f ( a ) g ( b ) − g ( a ) = f ′ ( § ) g ′ ( § ) \frac{f(b) - f(a)}{g(b) - g(a)} = \frac{f'(§)}{g'(§)} g(b)−g(a)f(b)−f(a)=g′(§)f′(§)
- 泰勒定理: 设f(x)在闭区间[a,b]上有n阶连续的导数,在开区间(a,b)内有直到n+1阶导数,x∈[a,b],x_0∈[a,b]是任意两点,则至少存在一点ξ介于x_0和x之间,使
f ( x ) = f ( x 0 ) + f ′ ( x 0 1 ! ) ( x − x 0 ) + f ′ ′ ( x 0 ) 2 ! ( x − x 0 ) 2 + . . . + f ( n ) ( x 0 ) n ! ( x − x 0 ) n + R n ( x ) f(x) = f(x_0) + \frac{f'(x_0}{1!})(x - x_0) + \frac{f''(x_0)}{2!}(x - x_0)^2 + ... + \frac{f^{(n)}(x_0)}{n!}(x - x_0)^n + R_n(x) f(x)=f(x0)+1!f′(x0)(x−x0)+2!f′′(x0)(x−x0)2+...+n!f(n)(x0)(x−x0)n+Rn(x)
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R_n(x) = \frac{f^{n+1}(§)}{(n+1)!}(x-x_0)^{n+1}
Rn(x)=(n+1)!fn+1(§)(x−x0)n+1
称为拉格朗日余项,整个公式称为具有拉格朗日余项的n阶泰勒公式。
如果将定理的条件减弱为:设f(x)在x=x_0具有n阶导数(这就意味着f(x)在x=x_0的某邻域应具有n-1阶导数,并且f^(n-1)(x)在x=x_0处连续),x为点x_0的充分小的邻域内的任意一点,则有
f ( x ) = f ( x 0 ) + f ′ ( x 0 ) 1 ! ( x − x 0 ) + . . . + f ( n ) ( x 0 ) n ! ( x − x 0 ) n + R n ( x ) f(x) = f(x_0) + \frac{f'(x_0)}{1!}(x - x_0) + ... + \frac{f^{(n)}(x_0)}{n!}(x - x_0)^n + R_n(x) f(x)=f(x0)+1!f′(x0)(x−x0)+...+n!f(n)(x0)(x−x0)n+Rn(x)
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R_n(x) = o((x-x_0)^n)(\lim_{x \to x_0} \frac{o((x - x_0)^n)}{(x - x_0)^n} = 0)
Rn(x)=o((x−x0)n)(x→x0lim(x−x0)no((x−x0)n)=0)
称为佩亚诺余项。
这就是佩亚诺余项泰勒公式。
佩亚诺余项泰勒公式
几种常用函数的x = 0处展开的佩亚诺余项泰勒公式如下:
e x = 1 + x + x 2 2 ! + . . . + x n n ! + o ( x n ) e^x = 1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2!} + ... +\frac{x^n}{n!} + o(x^n) ex=1+x+2!x2+...+n!xn+o(xn)
s i n x = x − x 3 3 ! + . . . + ( − 1 ) n − 1 x 2 n − 1 ( 2 n − 1 ) ! + o ( x 2 n − 1 ) sinx = x - \frac{x^3}{3!} + ... +(-1)^{n-1}\frac{x^{2n-1}}{(2n-1)!} + o(x^{2n-1}) sinx=x−3!x3+...+(−1)n−1(2n−1)!x2n−1+o(x2n−1)
c o s x = 1 − x 2 2 ! + . . . + ( − 1 ) n x 2 n ( 2 n ) ! + o ( x 2 n ) cosx = 1 - \frac{x^2}{2!} + ... +(-1)^n\frac{x^{2n}}{(2n)!} + o(x^{2n}) cosx=1−2!x2+...+(−1)n(2n)!x2n+o(x2n)
l n ( 1 + x ) = x − x 2 2 + . . . + ( − 1 ) n − 1 x n n + o ( x n ) ln(1+x) = x - \frac{x^2}{2} + ... +(-1)^{n-1}\frac{x^n}{n} + o(x^n) ln(1+x)=x−2x2+...+(−1)n−1nxn+o(xn)
( 1 + x ) m = 1 + m x + m ( m − 1 ) 2 ! x 2 + . . . + m ( m − 1 ) . . . ( m − n + 1 ) n ! x n + o ( x n ) (1+x)^m = 1 + mx + \frac{m(m - 1)}{2!}x^2 + ... +\frac{m(m-1)...(m-n+1)}{n!}x^n + o(x^n) (1+x)m=1+mx+2!m(m−1)x2+...+n!m(m−1)...(m−n+1)xn+o(xn)
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导数的应用
函数的单调性
- f’(x)>0,则f(x)单调增加;
- f’(x)<0,则f(x)单调减少,
函数的极值
极大值/极小值 均为 极值
条件1:
- f’(x_0) = 0;
- x< x_0 时, f’(x) > 0; x> x_0 时, f’(x) < 0, 则 f(x_0)为极大值
- x< x_0 时, f’(x) < 0; x> x_0 时, f’(x) > 0, 则 f(x_0)为极小值
条件2:
- f’(x_0) = 0;
- f’'(x_0) < 0 , 则f(x_0) 为极大值
- f’'(x_0) > 0 , 则f(x_0) 为极小值
函数的最大值/最小值
- 第一步: 求出区间(a, b)内的驻点/不可导点
- 第二步: 求出 f(a)/f(b)/驻点/不可导点 的函数值
- 第三步: 比较大小
曲线的凹凸性
凹图形:
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\text {凹图形:} f(\frac{x_1 + x_2}{2}) < \frac{f(x_1) + f(x_2)}{2}
凹图形:f(2x1+x2)<2f(x1)+f(x2)
凸图形:
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\text {凸图形:} f(\frac{x_1 + x_2}{2}) > \frac{f(x_1) + f(x_2)}{2}
凸图形:f(2x1+x2)>2f(x1)+f(x2)
- f’'(x) > 0, 则f(x) 的图形是凹的
- f’'(x) < 0, 则f(x) 的图形是凸的
曲线的拐点
曲线弧上的凹与凸的分界点称为曲线弧的拐点
- f’‘(x_0) = 0, 且f’'(x_0) 左右异号
- f’‘(x_0) = 0, 且f’‘’'(x_0) ≠ 0
曲线的渐近线
水平渐近线:
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\text {水平渐近线:} \lim_{x \to \infty}f(x) = A, 则y = A 是曲线的水平渐近线
水平渐近线:x→∞limf(x)=A,则y=A是曲线的水平渐近线
铅直渐近线:
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\text {铅直渐近线:} \lim_{x \to x_0}f(x) = \infty, 则x = x_0 是曲线的铅直渐近线
铅直渐近线:x→x0limf(x)=∞,则x=x0是曲线的铅直渐近线
斜渐近线:
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\text {斜渐近线:} \lim_{x \to \infty}\frac{f(x)}{x} = a, 且 \lim_{x \to \infty}[f(x) - ax] = b, 则y = ax + b 是曲线的斜渐近线
斜渐近线:x→∞limxf(x)=a,且x→∞lim[f(x)−ax]=b,则y=ax+b是曲线的斜渐近线
曲线的弧微分与曲率
弧微分:
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\text {弧微分:} ds = \sqrt{1 + y'^2}dx
弧微分:ds=1+y′2dx
曲率:
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\text {曲率:} K = \frac{|y''|}{(1 + y'^2)^{3/2}}
曲率:K=(1+y′2)3/2∣y′′∣
曲率半径:
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\text {曲率半径:} ρ = \frac{1}{K}
曲率半径:ρ=K1