一、摘要
从对最近ICS重大事件的调查中可以看出，有针对性的后开发链对于攻击的成功起着至关重要的作用。在获得对系统的初始访问后，通常是通过以前未知（zero-day）或未修补的漏洞、弱凭据或内部协助，应用系统架构的特定知识，以在物理过程中断之前实现系统中的隐形和持久存在。本文中，我们提出了一套针对WAGO PFC200系列PLC的后开发和持久化技术，这将有助于提高对构建在CODESYS（控制器开发系统）运行时变体之上的PLC的隐蔽性和持久性威胁的认识。
二、威胁建模
远程攻击者利用控制器以前未知或未修补的漏洞进行一般攻击。然而，关于特定部署系统和物理过程的初步知识是有限的。威胁行动者通过其中一个远程暴露的接口获得对系统的访问，并寻求系统中的长期秘密持久性，这将允许收集足够的操作信息集，以对物理进程进行有针对性的攻击。
三、攻击方法
目标： 攻击者对系统进行一次性未经授权的访问是为了确保在PLC上长期隐藏恶意负载。这允许对系统及其状态变化进行被动观察，对部署的配置进行指纹识别，并确保将来的远程访问。
技术： 在PLC处于运行状态时，支持这些攻击目标的一种常见方法是在其软件组件中放置一个持久后门。我们将概述攻击周期和系统组件，它们可以执行恶意负载的调用，并且适合放置后门可执行文件。
（一）获取远程访问
未经授权访问场景：管理界面中的漏洞、身份验证缺陷、通过文件上传执行代码、易受攻击的扩展包、利用网络服务。
在未打补丁的系统中，类似于上述场景的漏洞链可使攻击者未经授权访问受影响的PFC200系统。一旦建立了一次性访问，就需要对系统有更具体的了解，以执行攻击后操作并准备对物理进程的攻击。
（二）权限提升及收集信息
权限提升：访问控制系统、特权服务中的漏洞
信息收集：日志记录、运行时配置、控制程序分析、可视化小程序提取
（三）持续化
CBM模块注入、Web组件、进程迁移候选者、通用技术、Crontab记录、终端会话
四、攻击场景
WAGO PFC200控制器运行固件版本03.01.07（13），其中包含攻击者已知的未修补漏洞。远程攻击者通过公开的TCP端口访问WBM服务，并使用身份验证漏洞来获取登录凭据（图1）。
攻击者制作恶意ipk包，并使用远程代码执行漏洞在系统中执行该包，从而将权限提升到超级用户。攻击者使用相同的漏洞将为ARMv7指令集编译的特制后门上传到PLC上的永久分区（图2）。
在后攻击期间，攻击者分析位于var/log/wago/wagolog.log和/var/log/messages的日志文件。观察到，系统维护是通过串行接口上的命令行会话在控制器上完成的。为了实现恶意后门的持久性，攻击者在/etc/wago screen prompt.sh中添加一条附加记录，以便在操作员每次登录时调用先前上载的二进制文件（图3）。
五、结论
在这项工作中，我们为WAGO PFC200系列PLC提出了一套后开发和持久化技术，并制作了攻击场景示例。考虑到持久性链使用的内部系统组件，我们进一步分析了检测和防御选项。
防御和检测：在受影响的PLC上设置持久后门的目的是从长远角度将检测风险降至最低。假设的检测机制可分为以下几类：
- 通用Linux rootkit检测实用程序
- 网络活动异常检测
- 系统行为分析
- 系统内手动调查
我们强调指出，在ICS领域，除了提供渗透系统方法的初始漏洞外，有针对性的攻击后技术在攻击成功中起着至关重要的作用。除了针对PLC的攻击外，这也与广泛的其他ICS设备有关。
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