积分上限函数
∫
a
b
f
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\int_a^bf(x)dx
∫abf(x)dx
积分上限函数:上限可变;
P
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∫
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f
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d
t
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∈
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P(x)=\int_a^xf(t)dt x\in[a,b]
P(x)=∫axf(t)dtx∈[a,b]
对于P函数,X是变量;
定积分的内部而言,t是变量;X是常量;
定积分的外部,X是变量;
P ′ ( x ) = f ( x ) P\prime (x)=f(x) P′(x)=f(x)
1.积分上限是X,求导,直接将X代入被积函数;
(
∫
−
1
x
sin
t
3
d
t
)
′
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sin
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3
(\int_{-1}^x\sin t ^3dt)\prime=\sin x^3
(∫−1xsint3dt)′=sinx3
(
∫
x
5
cos
t
d
t
)
′
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−
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∫
5
x
cos
t
d
t
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′
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−
cos
x
(\int_x^5\cos tdt)\prime=-(\int_5^x\cos tdt)\prime=-\cos x
(∫x5costdt)′=−(∫5xcostdt)′=−cosx
y
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∫
1
x
2
sin
t
d
t
y=\int_1^{x^2}\sin tdt
y=∫1x2sintdt
→
\to
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u
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x
2
u=x^2
u=x2
→
\to
→
∫
1
u
sin
t
d
t
\int_1^u\sin tdt
∫1usintdt
(复合函数求导——链式法则)
y
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f
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,
u
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g
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t
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h
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y=f(u),u=g(t),t=h(u)
y=f(u),u=g(t),t=h(u)
→
\to
→
d
y
d
u
∗
d
u
d
t
∗
d
t
d
w
\frac{dy}{du}*\frac{du}{dt}*\frac{dt}{dw}
dudy∗dtdu∗dwdt
d
y
d
x
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d
y
d
u
∗
d
u
d
x
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sin
u
∗
2
x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dy}{du}*\frac{du}{dx}=\sin u*2x
dxdy=dudy∗dxdu=sinu∗2x
[ ∫ h ( x ) g ( x ) f ( t ) d t ] ′ [\int_{h(x)}^{g(x)}f(t)dt]\prime [∫h(x)g(x)f(t)dt]′
[ ∫ h ( x ) c f ( t ) d t + ∫ c g ( x ) f ( t ) d t ] ′ [\int_{h(x)}^cf(t)dt+\int_c^{g(x)}f(t)dt]\prime [∫h(x)cf(t)dt+∫cg(x)f(t)dt]′ → \to →f(g(x))g ′ \prime ′(x)-f(h(x))h ′ \prime ′(x)
lim x → 0 ∫ 0 x arctan t d t x 2 \lim_{x\to 0}\frac{\int_0^x\arctan tdt}{x^2} limx→0x2∫0xarctantdt → \to → 0 0 \frac{0}{0} 00 → \to → 洛贝达法则 → \to → lim x → 0 arctan x 2 x = 1 1 + x 2 2 ∣ x → 0 \lim_{x\to 0}\frac{\arctan x}{2x}=\frac{\frac{1}{1+x^2}}{2}|_{x \to 0} limx→02xarctanx=21+x21∣x→0
lim
x
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0
∫
0
x
∫
0
u
2
arctan
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+
t
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d
t
d
u
x
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1
−
cos
x
)
\lim_{x \to 0}\frac{\int_0^x\int_0^{u^2}\arctan (1+t)dtdu}{x(1-\cos x)}
x→0limx(1−cosx)∫0x∫0u2arctan(1+t)dtdu
→
\to
→
0
0
\frac{0}{0}
00
→
\to
→
∫
0
x
2
arctan
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1
+
t
)
d
t
1
−
cos
x
+
x
sin
x
\frac{\int_0^{x^2}\arctan (1+t)dt}{1-\cos x+x\sin x}
1−cosx+xsinx∫0x2arctan(1+t)dt
→
\to
→
lim
x
→
0
2
x
∗
arctan
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1
+
x
2
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sin
x
+
sin
x
+
x
cos
x
\lim_{x \to 0}\frac{2x*\arctan(1+x^2)}{\sin x+\sin x+x\cos x}
x→0limsinx+sinx+xcosx2x∗arctan(1+x2)
( ∫ 0 x sin u d u ) ′ = sin x (\int_0^x\sin u du)\prime=\sin x (∫0xsinudu)′=sinx
牛顿-莱布尼茨公式
∫ a b f ( x ) d x = F ( x ) ∣ a b = F ( b ) − F ( a ) \int_a^bf(x)dx=F(x)|_a^b=F(b)-F(a) ∫abf(x)dx=F(x)∣ab=F(b)−F(a)
定积分与不定积分联系起来;
∫ 0 1 2 e 2 x d x = 1 2 e 2 x ∣ 0 1 2 = 1 2 e − 1 2 \int_0^{\frac{1}{2}}e^{2x}dx=\frac{1}{2}e^{2x}|_0^{\frac{1}{2}}=\frac{1}{2}e-\frac{1}{2} ∫021e2xdx=21e2x∣021=21e−21
∫ − 1 3 ∣ 2 − x ∣ d x → ∫ − 1 2 ( 2 − x ) d x + ∫ 2 3 ( x − 2 ) d x \int_{-1}^3|2-x|dx \to \int_{-1}^2(2-x)dx+\int_2^3(x-2)dx ∫−13∣2−x∣dx→∫−12(2−x)dx+∫23(x−2)dx
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f
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2
x
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0
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1
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f(x)=2x (0\leq x \leq 1)
f(x)=2x(0≤x≤1)
f ( x ) = 2 + x ( 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 ) f(x)=2+x (1\leq x\leq 2) f(x)=2+x(1≤x≤2)
求 P ( x ) = ∫ 0 x f ( t ) d t 在 [ 0 , 2 ] 上 函 数 的 表 达 式 求P(x)=\int_0^xf(t)dt 在[0,2]上函数的表达式 求P(x)=∫0xf(t)dt在[0,2]上函数的表达式
解:假设
x
∈
[
0
,
1
]
x \in [0,1]
x∈[0,1]
P
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=
∫
0
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f
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d
t
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∫
0
x
2
t
d
t
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t
2
∣
0
x
=
x
2
P(x)=\int_0^xf(t)dt=\int_0^x2tdt=t^2|_0^x=x^2
P(x)=∫0xf(t)dt=∫0x2tdt=t2∣0x=x2
x
∈
(
1
,
2
]
x\in(1,2]
x∈(1,2]
P
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=
∫
0
x
f
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t
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d
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∫
0
1
2
t
d
t
+
∫
1
x
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2
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d
t
P(x)=\int_0^xf(t)dt=\int_0^12tdt+\int_1^x(2+t)dt
P(x)=∫0xf(t)dt=∫012tdt+∫1x(2+t)dt