以无限增益负反馈带通滤波器为例,如图:
传递函数推导
根据基尔霍夫电流定律,有:
I
R
1
(
s
)
=
I
R
2
(
s
)
+
I
C
1
(
s
)
+
I
C
2
(
s
)
.
\\I_{R_1}(s)=I_{R_2}(s)+I_{C_1}(s)+I_{C_2}(s).
IR1(s)=IR2(s)+IC1(s)+IC2(s).
结合虚短虚断,即:
U
i
(
s
)
−
U
A
(
s
)
R
1
=
U
A
(
s
)
R
2
+
(
U
A
(
s
)
−
U
o
(
s
)
)
s
C
1
+
U
A
(
s
)
s
C
2
.
\frac{U_i(s) -U_A(s)}{R_1}=\frac{U_A(s) }{R_2}+(U_A(s)-U_o(s))sC_1+U_A(s)sC_2.
R1Ui(s)−UA(s)=R2UA(s)+(UA(s)−Uo(s))sC1+UA(s)sC2.
根据运放反向输入端的电流关系(虚断,基尔霍夫电流定律),有:
I
C
2
(
s
)
=
I
R
3
(
s
)
.
I_{C_2}(s)=I_{R_3}(s).
IC2(s)=IR3(s).
即:
U
A
(
s
)
s
C
2
=
−
U
o
(
s
)
R
3
.
U_A(s)sC_2=-\frac{U_o(s)}{R_3}.
UA(s)sC2=−R3Uo(s).
联立上面的式子,有:
U
i
(
s
)
+
U
o
(
s
)
s
C
2
R
3
R
1
=
−
U
o
(
s
)
s
R
2
R
3
C
2
−
(
C
1
C
2
R
3
+
s
C
1
)
U
o
(
s
)
−
U
o
(
s
)
R
3
.
\frac{U_i(s) +\frac{U_o(s)}{sC_2R_3}}{R_1}=-\frac{U_o(s) }{sR_2R_3C_2}-(\frac{C_1}{C_2R_3} +sC_1)U_o(s)-\frac{U_o(s)}{R_3}.
R1Ui(s)+sC2R3Uo(s)=−sR2R3C2Uo(s)−(C2R3C1+sC1)Uo(s)−R3Uo(s).
即:
A
u
(
s
)
=
U
o
(
s
)
U
i
(
s
)
=
−
1
R
1
×
s
1
C
2
R
1
R
3
+
1
C
2
R
2
R
3
+
1
R
3
(
C
1
C
2
+
1
)
s
+
s
2
C
1
.
A_u(s)=\frac{U_o(s)}{U_i(s)}=-\frac{1}{R_1}×\frac{s}{\frac{1}{C_2R_1R_3}+\frac{1}{C_2R_2R_3}+\frac{1}{R_3}(\frac{C_1}{C_2}+1)s+s^2C_1}.
Au(s)=Ui(s)Uo(s)=−R11×C2R1R31+C2R2R31+R31(C2C1+1)s+s2C1s.
中心频率
当:
s
2
C
1
=
−
(
1
C
2
R
1
R
3
+
1
C
2
R
2
R
3
)
.
s^2C_1=-(\frac{1}{C_2R_1R_3}+\frac{1}{C_2R_2R_3}).
s2C1=−(C2R1R31+C2R2R31).
有:
s
=
j
1
C
2
R
1
R
3
+
1
C
2
R
2
R
3
C
1
=
j
R
1
+
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
C
1
C
2
.
s=j\sqrt{\frac{\frac{1}{C_2R_1R_3}+\frac{1}{C_2R_2R_3}}{C_1}}=j\sqrt{\frac{R_1+R_2}{R_1R_2R_3C_1C_2}}.
s=jC1C2R1R31+C2R2R31=jR1R2R3C1C2R1+R2.
s
=
j
w
=
j
2
π
f
.
s=jw=j2πf.
s=jw=j2πf.
所以:
f
0
=
1
2
π
R
1
+
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
C
1
C
2
.
f_0=\frac{1}{2π}\sqrt{\frac{R_1+R_2}{R_1R_2R_3C_1C_2}}.
f0=2π1R1R2R3C1C2R1+R2.
代入传递函数,在中心频率下:
A
u
(
j
w
0
)
=
U
o
(
s
)
U
i
(
s
)
=
−
1
R
1
×
1
1
R
3
(
C
1
C
2
+
1
)
=
−
R
3
R
1
(
C
1
C
2
+
1
)
.
A_u(jw_0)=\frac{U_o(s)}{U_i(s)}=-\frac{1}{R_1}×\frac{1}{\frac{1}{R_3}(\frac{C_1}{C_2}+1)}=-\frac{R_3}{R_1(\frac{C_1}{C_2}+1)}.
Au(jw0)=Ui(s)Uo(s)=−R11×R31(C2C1+1)1=−R1(C2C1+1)R3.
品质因素
定义:滤波器品质因数,用滤波器的中心频率F(单位Hz)与-3dB带宽B(单位HZ)的比值来表达,,即Q=F/B。
-3dB即传递函数的模值为中心频率下的0.707倍。对于该传递函数:
A
u
(
s
)
=
U
o
(
s
)
U
i
(
s
)
=
−
1
R
1
×
1
(
1
C
2
R
1
R
3
+
1
C
2
R
2
R
3
)
1
s
+
1
R
3
(
C
1
C
2
+
1
)
+
s
C
1
.
A_u(s)=\frac{U_o(s)}{U_i(s)}=-\frac{1}{R_1}×\frac{1}{(\frac{1}{C_2R_1R_3}+\frac{1}{C_2R_2R_3})\frac{1}{s}+\frac{1}{R_3}(\frac{C_1}{C_2}+1)+sC_1}.
Au(s)=Ui(s)Uo(s)=−R11×(C2R1R31+C2R2R31)s1+R31(C2C1+1)+sC11.
考虑分母的实部和虚部。
实部:
R
E
=
1
R
3
(
C
1
C
2
+
1
)
.
RE=\frac{1}{R_3}(\frac{C_1}{C_2}+1).
RE=R31(C2C1+1).
虚部:
(
1
C
2
R
1
R
3
+
1
C
2
R
2
R
3
)
1
j
w
+
j
w
C
1
.
(\frac{1}{C_2R_1R_3}+\frac{1}{C_2R_2R_3})\frac{1}{jw}+jwC_1.
(C2R1R31+C2R2R31)jw1+jwC1.
I
M
=
−
(
1
C
2
R
1
R
3
+
1
C
2
R
2
R
3
)
1
w
+
w
C
1
.
IM=-(\frac{1}{C_2R_1R_3}+\frac{1}{C_2R_2R_3})\frac{1}{w}+wC_1.
IM=−(C2R1R31+C2R2R31)w1+wC1.
当满足实部虚部绝对值相同时有-3dB的衰减(此时传递函数模为频率为中心频率时的0.717倍):
−
(
1
C
2
R
1
R
3
+
1
C
2
R
2
R
3
)
1
w
+
w
C
1
=
±
1
R
3
(
C
1
C
2
+
1
)
.
-(\frac{1}{C_2R_1R_3}+\frac{1}{C_2R_2R_3})\frac{1}{w}+wC_1=±\frac{1}{R_3}(\frac{C_1}{C_2}+1).
−(C2R1R31+C2R2R31)w1+wC1=±R31(C2C1+1).
则解有四个,如下所示:
w
=
±
(
C
1
+
C
2
)
±
(
C
1
+
C
2
)
2
+
4
C
1
C
2
R
3
(
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
)
2
C
1
C
2
R
3
.
w=\frac{±(C_1+C_2)±\sqrt{(C_1+C_2)^2+4C_1C_2R_3(\frac{1}{R_1}+\frac{1}{R_2})}}{2C_1C_2R_3}.
w=2C1C2R3±(C1+C2)±(C1+C2)2+4C1C2R3(R11+R21).
若只考虑频率大于0的情况,则:
w
=
±
(
C
1
+
C
2
)
+
(
C
1
+
C
2
)
2
+
4
C
1
C
2
R
3
(
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
)
2
C
1
C
2
R
3
.
w=\frac{±(C_1+C_2)+\sqrt{(C_1+C_2)^2+4C_1C_2R_3(\frac{1}{R_1}+\frac{1}{R_2})}}{2C_1C_2R_3}.
w=2C1C2R3±(C1+C2)+(C1+C2)2+4C1C2R3(R11+R21).
则:
B
=
△
f
=
△
w
2
π
=
C
1
+
C
2
2
π
C
1
C
2
R
3
.
B=△f=\frac{△w}{2π}=\frac{C_1+C_2}{2πC_1C_2R_3}.
B=△f=2π△w=2πC1C2R3C1+C2.
Q
=
f
0
B
=
1
2
π
R
1
+
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
C
1
C
2
C
1
+
C
2
2
π
C
1
C
2
R
3
=
C
1
C
2
R
3
(
R
1
+
R
2
)
R
1
R
2
C
1
+
C
2
.
Q=\frac{f_0}{B}=\frac{\frac{1}{2π}\sqrt{\frac{R_1+R_2}{R_1R_2R_3C_1C_2}}}{\frac{C_1+C_2}{2πC_1C_2R_3}}=\frac{\sqrt{\frac{C_1C_2R_3(R_1+R_2)}{R_1R_2}}}{C_1+C_2}.
Q=Bf0=2πC1C2R3C1+C22π1R1R2R3C1C2R1+R2=C1+C2R1R2C1C2R3(R1+R2).
实际应用
实际应用中,经常会令C1=C2=C,则:
中心频率:
f
0
=
1
2
π
C
R
1
+
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
3
.
f_0=\frac{1}{2πC}\sqrt{\frac{R_1+R_2}{R_1R_2R_3}}.
f0=2πC1R1R2R3R1+R2.
中心频率下的传递函数:
A
u
(
j
w
0
)
=
−
R
3
2
R
1
.
A_u(jw_0)=-\frac{R_3}{2R_1}.
Au(jw0)=−2R1R3.
带宽B:
B
=
1
π
C
R
3
.
B=\frac{1}{πCR_3}.
B=πCR31.
品质因素:
Q
=
f
0
B
=
R
3
(
R
1
+
R
2
)
R
1
R
2
2
.
Q=\frac{f_0}{B}=\frac{\sqrt{\frac{R_3(R_1+R_2)}{R_1R_2}}}{2}.
Q=Bf0=2R1R2R3(R1+R2).