三 定语从句（2021-11-04）

一、什么是定语

只要听到 “…的” + “名词” ，“…的” 就是修饰这个名词（短语）的定语成分。

二、定语的成分

1.形容词作定语（包括形容词性物主代词）

The nightingale brave and innocent died.（形容词可以放在名词后面，定语较长后置较好）

2.名词作定语

The singing of the nightingale can make the rose bloom.

3.介词短语作定语

The nightingale out of the window heard the sighs of the youngster.

4.非谓语动词作定语

The singing nightingale lost his life.

5.从句作定语

The rose that the nightingale exchanged with his life was discarded.

三、定语的位置

1.前小后大：当一个单词修饰名词，通常放在名词前；当多个名词修饰名词，通常放在名词后。

This is a fiction about a nightingale and a rose.
The youngster grasping romance left the the party of the prince.

2.当过去分词修饰名词时，即使只有一个单词也通常放在名词后。

The boy rejected looks pitiful.

3.当形容词修饰不定代词时，即使只有一个单词也通常放在名词后。

I have something important to tell you.

四、定语从句的构成

n + 引导词 + 句子
定语从句的引导词是按照先行词的种类分的类

一共把引导词分为五类。

1.当先行词是人时，引导词有：who,whom,whose
2.当先行词是物时，引导词有：that,which,whose
3.当先行词是时间时，引导词有：that,which,when
4.当先行词是地点时，引导词有：that,which,where
5.当先行词是原因时，引导词有：that,which,why

谁决定引导词的用法

1.先行词
2.引导词在从句中能够充当的成分

定语从句引导词的分类新标准

1.代词（在从句中一定要充当主语或宾语的成分）：who, whom, that, which
2.副词（在从句中不能充当任何主干成分）：where, when, why
3.形容词（在从句中修饰离他最近的形容词）：whose

五、练习

这些圆顶的建筑物看起来很漂亮。
Buildings whose roofs round look beautiful.
成功属于有梦想的人，已经被无数个事实所证明了。
It has been validated by numerous facts that glories belongs to those with dreams.
穿自己的鞋不仅方便，而且还确保了一点，不用去管别人的感受。
Wearing my own shoes proves not only convenient but also ensures a point that the feelings of others can be ignored.
问题的关键是谁应该为道德沦丧负责呢？
The point of the issue seems who should be responsible for the decline of ethics.
外表看起来很邋遢的他其实内心很高尚。
He whose appearance looks indecent proves noble in his mind.
那些全力以赴去实现梦想的人，即使最终没有成功也不会感到遗憾，这很重要。
It seems indispensable that those who spare no efforts to realize their dreams never feel pitiful although glories fail to be achieved.
那些课堂上不集中精力，而又希望通过考试的学生，常常会差强人意。
Students who fail to concentrate in class but wish to pass examinations smoothly tend to find that the consequence proves less impressive.

六、定语从句的特殊用法

1.that在引导定语从句时，如果在从句中充当宾语，可以省略。（省略不正式）

我喜欢我妈妈给我买的书。
I enjoy the book my mother bought for me.
在分析长难句时，如果见到两个名词或代词直接放在一起，中介没有被连词或标点符号隔开，通常都是省略“that”的定语从句。

2.区别限制性和非限制性定语从句。

在分析长难句时，非限制性定语从句相当于插入语，可以完全不看；但限制性定语从句很重要。

3.先行词和引导词之间有介词，人不用who只能用whom，物不能用that只能用which。

He is the man who/whom we should learn from.
I will never forget the day (on which/when) I met you.

4.区别 as the same…as 和 as the same…that 引导的定语从句

as：像；that：是

5.as 和 which 引导非限制性定语从句

which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面整个句子，as也可以。但which只能放在主句的后面，而as可前可后。
He enjoys talking with young ladies, which drives me mad.

6.定语从句引导词 that 和 which 的区别

七、区别定语从句和同位语从句

I have a dream that sounds funny.
I have a dream that will become a rich man.
相同点：都是先行词+引导词+句子
不同点：
1.看从句本身的意思，定语从句是对前面名词的修饰，而同位语从句是对前面名词的解释。
2.看that在从句中是否充当成分，如果充当了成分就是定语从句，如果没有充当成分就是同位语从句。
3.定语从句的先行词可是是所有名词，而同位语的先行词只能是抽象名词。
4.定语从句的引导词有很多，而同位语的引导词一般都是that。

八、定语从句的至难点

寻找先行词
1.定语从句的先行词就是离他最近的那个名词。
2.定语从句的先行词是他前面的几个名词。
3.定语从句的先行词是它前面的一个从句。
4.定语从句的先行词是它前面的整个句子。
5.定语从句的先行词和引导词被隔开了。
如何寻找先行词：必须要读懂这句话，才能找到先行词。

九、定语和定语从句的考点分析

1.写作

只要在作文中见到名词，都可以加一个定语把句子拉长
Pets which look cute as well as healthy can reduce loneliness of senior citizens without any descendants who can take care of them.
Reading books which keep beneficial to our physical and mental health can add knowledge of all children and adults.
万用句型
1.which look … as well as …
2.… such as … … and …

 英汉差异对比
 1.汉语意合，英语形合。
 句子结构上、逻辑关系词的使用上（关联词）
 2.汉语多主动，英语多被动
 In the past decades, a variety of actions were adopted by the authorities in order to prevent disasters.
 3.汉语多短句，英语多长句。
 Wuzhen is a water town in ZJ province. it locates near the river from BJ to HZ.
 把句子变长：
 1.非谓语动词
 Wu Zhen is a water town in ZJ province, locating near the river from BJ to HZ.
 2.连词
 Wu Zhen is a water town in ZJ province, and locates near the river from BJ to HZ.
 3.从句
 Wu Zhen is a water town in ZJ province, which locates near the river from BJ to HZ.
 Playing football yesterday, I came across a lady on the playground whose son was running.
 Doors will be decorated by couplets whose topics are involved in health, wealth and good luck.

2.长难句

能够找到一句话中的定语成分，并且把它们通顺地翻译出来。
那么如何找定语呢？关键是找名词，只要名词后不是动词，就暂定为修饰这个名词的定语成分（还有可能是状语，很小概率）。

定语从名词后开始，到主句的谓语动词前结束。如果定语在主句的谓语之后，定语就从名词后开始，通常到句末结束。
如果定语后有连词，定语不再是到句末结束，而是到连词之前结束。
一个大定语通常会有无数个小定语。每一个小定语都是到下一个名词后结束，但是固定搭配除外。