English Grammar-奋斗的开始-定语从句（二）

五、定语从句的特殊用法

1.that引导定语从句时，如果从句中充当宾语，that可省略

I enjoy the movie Zhaowei directed.
在名词movie和Zhaowei之间就省略that。
当分析长难句时如果见到两个名词直接放在一起，很可能是省略了that的定语从句。

2.区别限制和非限制性定语从句

通常我们通过","，或是限定用that，非限定which来区分，其实最大的区别不在于此。下面举例说明：
I love teacher Liu who is beautiful.
I love teacher Liu, who is beautiful.

第一句译为：我爱的是漂亮的刘老师。
第二句译为：我爱刘老师，她挺漂亮。

区别方法：
（1）如果先行词是物，既可以用that，又可以用which时，非限定性定语从句就只能用which，不能用that。
I love watermelons that/which are round.
但写成非限定性：
I love watermalons, which are round.
（2）分析长难句时，非限定性定语从句由于对先行词限制性不强，就相当于插入语，完全可以不看，不会影响句子意思的表达。

3. 如果先行词和引导词中间有介词的话，人只能用whom，不能用who；同样如果先行词不是人，则只能用which。

举例：
He is one who/whom we should learn from.

He is one from whom we shold learn.

The dog is one that/which other dogs should learn from.

The dog is one from which other dog shold learn.

4.区别两个常见的搭配： the same…as 和the same…that

翻译下面两个句子：

He is the same man as I love.
他就像我爱的那个男人。

He is the same man that I love.
她就是我爱的男人。

区别固定搭配的关键是看从句和先行词是否指同一个事物。具体题目，会有前后语境。

5.which可以引导修饰整个句子的定语从句，as也可以，但是which只能放在句末，而as则可句首和句末。

举例：
他是一个好老师，这是众人皆知的。
She is a good teacher, which is known to us all.
or
As is known to us all, she is a good teacher.

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六、区别定语从句和同位语从句

举例：

①I had a dream that is definitely sweet.

②I had a dream that I will become a rich lady someday.

第一个是定语从句，第二个是同位语从句。

相同点：构成相同，都是“先行词+引导词+句子”。

不同点：
一、首先看引导词that，定语从句的引导词that在从句中要充当主语或宾语，而同位语从句的that在从句中不作任何成分。且一般后者引导词只是that，而前者有很多。

二、看从句作用：①我做了一个很美的梦。②我做了一个有一天我变成了有钱人的梦。显然前者是对前面名词的修饰，而后者是对前面名词的解释。

三、看先行词，定语从句的先行词可以是任何名词，而同位语从句的先行词只能是可以解释的名词——抽象名词。

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七、定语从句的至难点

总结
定语从句的至难点是什么？
答：寻找先行词，打破平常的观点——引导词前面就是先行词。在分析长难句时，定语从句的先行词可能不遵循就近原则。

①When someone abandons you, he is the one who should get loss because for him , for he loses someone who loves him but for you, you lose someone who does not love you.

此句子定语从句的先行词遵循就近原则。

参考翻译：当有人抛弃你的时候，是她应该感到很失落。因为她失去了一个爱她的人，而你只是失去了一个不爱你的人。

②For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of importance that came from being a loyal employee.

importance修饰前面的sense，不是先行词。

主句谓语是can mean, 主谓宾结构，宾语是an end, 从to到句末全都是宾语。在这个大定语中，定语①到importance后结束，定语②到句末结束。①中有三个并列的名词，所以that指的是这三个并列的名词。

本句中定语从句的先行词不是一个单词，而是三个并列的名词。

参考翻译：对于工人来说，它可能意味着作为一个忠诚员工的安全、利益和责任的结束。（黑体为定语部分）

③The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

主句谓语是assumed，主谓宾结构，宾语是that引导的从句。

④My husband enjoy talking with other young ladies, which really gets me go mad.

which指代的是前面一整句话——定语从句的先行词指代前面一个完整的句子。

⑤As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive——there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey conplex ideas.

that 指代的并不是the world，而是language or dialect，定语从句的先行词和从句被状语成分（in the world）隔开了。

参考翻译：作为一名语言学家，他认为各种各样的人类语言，包括像黑人英语这样的非标准语言，都具有强大的表达能力——世上就没有传达不了复杂思想的语言或方言。

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八、定语和定语从句的考点

1.写作

出现名词，都试加定语从分，这使句子丰满生动，也是将句子拉长的有效方法。

举例

养宠物的好处？

你通常能写出：

①Keeping pets can reduce loneliness.
而加以定语修饰：
Keeping pets which look so cute and lovely can reduce loneliness of some old citizens and children who stay at home alone.

②盲目追星的危害？

pursuing stars bilindly will waste time.

Pursuing stars looking so handsome or beautiful bilndly will waste time of young men who should spend more time and energy on their study.

③描述图像加定语就显得很生动

In the former photograph, a young man who is crazy football fan wrote the name of Beckham, a well-known world-wide superstar, on his face. At the same time, in the latter one , another one young as well as fashionable is spending 300 yuan making his hair into Beckham style in a barber’s.

2.长难句分析

（1）如何找定语
英语中的定语通常在名词后面，但未必。

1）谓语

The young man must feel very sad.

2. 插入语

The young man, I think, will never love the girl.

3)状语

The nightingale believed the man when she heard his words.

而修饰名词的才能称定语，一般可翻译为“的” 。

（2）定语如何翻译
①如果定语较长，翻译到所修饰名词的前面。

②比较短且简单，才开翻译后置法，重复先行词或使用代词。

课后练兵

1.外表看来非常邋遢的人其实内心很高尚。

The one who looks extremely unrespectable is really noble in nature.

2.人生最大精神财富是笑容、优雅、自信，拥有了它们你就拥有了一切。

The greatest spiritual wealth in one’s life is smile, elegance and self-confidence. If you possess them, you will have all.

3.《孤儿》是我看过的最恐怖的一部电影。

Prphan is the most horrible movie that I have ever seen.

4.继父经常在假期里带她出国旅游，这让她的朋友羡慕不已。

The step-father often takes her to travel abroad, which let her friends envy her.

5.踢足球是一项培养孩子跟别人合作的团队运动

Playing football keeps a team which trains children to cooperate with one another.

6.这个世界上,没有一个人可以让你一直依靠，路需要自己走。

In the world, there exists no one who you can count on all the time. So you need to walk your own way alone.

7.曾经全力以赴去实现梦想的人即使最终没有成功也不会感到遗憾，这很重要。

Even those people who try their best to realize their dreams can’t realize their dreams but don’t feel any regret, which is quite significant.

8.课堂上不集中精力，希望通过自己的课下努力来通过考试的学生，经常会事半功倍。

Those students who fail to concentrate in class but hope to pass the examination by his own endeavors after class often finds that he just half the result with twice the effort.

9.孩子能选择学习的科目越多，家长越能发现他们感兴趣和擅长的领域。

The more subjects (that) kids can choose, the better chances (that) parents will discover the field which they have interest in and are good at.

10.能澄清我观点的例子有很多，但是下面的这个是最合适的。

There exist abundant cases which can be used to clarify my point. Nevertheless, the following one sounds most favorable.