神经网络_图灵_5第五章

第五章

节点的正向传播和反向传播

简单加法乘法层的实现

# 乘法层的实现
class MulLayer:
    def __init__(self):
        self.x = None
        self.y = None
    def forward(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
        out = x * y
        return out
    def backward(self, dout):
        dx = dout * self.y
        dy = dout * self.x
        return dx, dy

# 加法层的实现
class AddLayer:
    def __init__(self):
        pass
    def forward(self, x, y):
        out = x + y
        return out
    def backward(self, dout):
        dx = dout * 1
        dy = dout * 1
        return dx, dy

# 简单层的实现
apple = 100
apple_num = 2
orange = 150
orange_num = 3
tax = 1.1

# layer
mul_apple_layer = MulLayer()
mul_orange_layer = MulLayer()
add_layer = AddLayer()
mul_tax_layer = MulLayer()

# forward
apple_price = mul_apple_layer.forward(apple, apple_num)
orange_price = mul_orange_layer.forward(orange, orange_num)
all_price = add_layer.forward(apple_price, orange_price)
price = mul_tax_layer.forward(all_price, tax)

# backward
dprice = 1
dall_price, dtax = mul_tax_layer.backward(dprice)
dapple_price, dorange_price = add_layer.backward(dall_price)
dorange, dorange_num = mul_orange_layer.backward(dorange_price)
dapple, dapple_num = mul_apple_layer.backward(dapple_price)

print(price)
print(dapple_num, dapple, dorange, dorange_num, dtax)

神经网络的实现

激活函数Relu函数和Sigmoid函数

Relu层

• x≤0时输出0，x>0时输出x
• 因此导函数为：x≤0时输出0，x>0时输出1
  – 当输入的x>0时 反向传播回来的dout[对应索引]会被原样向左传播
  – 而当输入的x≤0时 反向传播回来的dout[对应索引]会被赋值为0

class Relu:
    def __init__(self):
        self.mask = None
    def forward(self, x):
        self.mask = (x <= 0)
        out = x.copy()
        out[self.mask] = 0
        return out
    def backward(self, dout):
        dout[self.mask] = 0
        dx = dout
        return dx

Sigmoid层

• y = 1 / ( 1+exp(-x) )
• 反向传播时： 值y(1-y) ← sigmoid层 ← 值
• 即 sigmoid层可以只根据正向传播的输出 就能计算反向传播

class Sigmoid:
    def __init__(self):
        self.out = None
    def forward(self, x):
        out = 1 / (1 + np.exp(-x))
        self.out = out
        return out
    def backward(self, dout):
        dx = dout * self.out * (1.0 - self.out)
        return dx

Affine/Softmax层的实现

Affine层

• 神经网络的正向传播中进行的矩阵乘积运算在几何领域被称为“放射变换”
• 几何中放射变化包括一次线性变换和一次平移，分别对应神经网络的加权和运算与加偏置运算
• 因此这里将进行仿射变换的处理实现为Affine层

批版本的Affine层：

• 由dot(X*W)+b正向传播
• 反向传播时：（注意公式的左右位置不要颠倒）
  – dx = dout * W的转置
  – dW = X的转置 * dout
  – db = dout

class Affine:
    def __init__(self, W, b):
        self.W = W
        self.b = b
        self.x = None
        self.dW = None
        self.db = None
    def forward(self, x):
        self.x = x
        out = np.dot(x * self.W) + self.b
        return out
    def backward(self, dout):
        dx = np.dot(dout, self.W.T)
        self.dW = np.dot(self.x.T, dout)
        self.db = np.sum(dout, axis=0)
        return dx

softmax-with-Loss层的实现

• softmax是输出层的激活函数
• softmax层将输入值正规化（将输出值的和调整为1）后再输出为y；同时也考虑到了损失函数，让y和t作交叉熵误差；加上这一部分后又称为Softmax-with-Loss层
• eg：（y1, y2, y3）是Softmax层的输出，（t1, t2, t3）是监督数据，此时（y1-t1, y2-t2, y3-t3）—Softmax层的输出和监督标签的差分—即为Softmax-with-Loss层这一大块的反向传播的数据

def cross_entropy_error(y, t):
    delta = 1e-7
    return -np.sum(t * np.log(y + delta))
    
def softmax(a):
    c = np.maximum(a)
    exp_a = np.exp(a - c) 
    sum_exp_a = np.sum(exp_a)
    y = exp_a / sum_exp_a
    return y
    
class SoftMaxWithLoss:
    def __init__(self):
        self.loss = None
        self.y = None
        self.t = None
    def forward(self, x, t):
        self.t = t
        self.y = softmax(x)
        self.loss = cross_entropy_error(self.y, self.t)
        return self.loss
    def backward(self, dout=1):
        batch_size = self.t.shape[0]
        dx = (self.y - self.t) / batch_size
        return dx

注意：反向传播时不要忘记除以批的大小，因为传递给前面层的应该是单个数据的误差

对应误差反向传播法的神经网络的实现

import sys, os
sys.path.append(os.pardir)
import numpy as np
from common.layers import *
from common.gradient import numerical_gradient
from collections import OrderedDict

class Affine:
    def __init__(self, W, b):
        self.W = W
        self.b = b
        self.x = None
        self.dW = None
        self.db = None
    def forward(self, x):
        self.x = x
        out = np.dot(x * self.W) + self.b
        return out
    def backward(self, dout):
        dx = np.dot(dout, self.W.T)
        self.dW = np.dot(self.x.T, dout)
        self.db = np.sum(dout, axis=0)
        return dx

class Relu:
    def __init__(self):
        self.mask = None
    def forward(self, x):
        self.mask = (x <= 0)
        out = x.copy()
        out[self.mask] = 0
        return out
    def backward(self, dout):
        dout[self.mask] = 0
        dx = dout
        return dx

def cross_entropy_error(y, t):
    delta = 1e-7
    return -np.sum(t * np.log(y + delta))
def softmax(a):
    c = np.maximum(a)
    exp_a = np.exp(a - c)   # 溢出对策
    sum_exp_a = np.sum(exp_a)
    y = exp_a / sum_exp_a
    return y
class SoftMaxWithLoss:
    def __init__(self):
        self.loss = None
        self.y = None
        self.t = None
    def forward(self, x, t):
        self.t = t
        self.y = softmax(x)
        self.loss = cross_entropy_error(self.y, self.t)
        return self.loss
    def backward(self, dout=1):
        batch_size = self.t.shape[0]
        dx = (self.y - self.t) / batch_size
        return dx


class TwoLayerNet:
    def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, output_size, weight_init_std=0.01):
        # 初始化权重
        self.params={}
        self.params['W1'] = weight_init_std * np.random.randn(input_size, hidden_size)
        self.params['W2'] = weight_init_std * np.random.randn(hidden_size, output_size)
        self.params['b1'] = weight_init_std * np.zeros(hidden_size)
        self.params['b2'] = weight_init_std * np.zeros(output_size)
        # 初始化生成层
        self.layers = OrderedDict()
        self.layers['Affine1'] = Affine(self.params['W1'], self.params['b1'])
        self.layers['Relu1'] = Relu()
        self.layers['Affine2'] = Affine(self.params['W2'], self.params['b2'])
        self.layers['Relu2'] = Relu()
        self.lastLayer = SoftMaxWithLoss()
    def predict(self, x):
        for layer in self.layers.values:
            x = layer.forward(x)
        return x
    def loss(self, x, t):
        y = self.predict(x)
        loss = self.lastLayer.forward(y, t)
        return loss
    def accuracy(self, x, t):
        y = self.predict(x)
        y = np.argmax(y, axis=1)
        if t.ndim != 1:
            t = np.argmax(t, axis=1)
        accuracy = np .sum(y==t) / float(x.shape[0])
        return accuracy
    def gradient(self, x,t):
        # forward
        self.loss(x, t)
        # backward
        dout = 1
        dout = self.lastLayer.backward(dout)
        layers = list(self.layers.values())
        layers.reverse()
        for layer in self.layers:
            layer.backward(dout)
        # 得到梯度（更新后的参数权重）
        grads = {}
        grads['W1'] = self.layers['Affine1'].dW
        grads['b1'] = self.layers['Relu1'].db
        grads['W2'] = self.layers['Affine2'].dW
        grads['b2'] = self.layers['Relu2'].db
        return grads

PS：梯度确认

比较数值微分的结果和误差反向传播法的结果，以确认误差反向确认法的实现是否正确。

(x_train, t_train), (x_test, t_test) = load_mnist(normalize=True, one_hot_label=True)

network = TwoLayerNet(input_size=784, hidden_size=50, output_size=10)

x_batch = x_train[:3]
t_batch = t_train[:3]
grad_numerical = network.numerical_gradient(x_batch, t_batch)
grad_backprop = network.gradient(x_batch, t_batch)

# 求各个权重的绝对误差的平均值
for key in grad_backprop.keys():
    diff = np.average( np.abs(grad_backprop[key] - grad_numerical[key]) )
    print(key + ":" + str(diff))