球面的微分形式

求球面相应的诸微分形式${\omega }_1,{\omega }_2,{\omega }_{12},{\omega }_{13},{\omega }_{23}$ ;

解：

球面$\mathbf{r}(u,v)=\left(a\cos u\cos v,a\cos u\sin v,a\sin u\right)$,

相应的

$$\begin{gathered} {\omega }_1=a\mathrm{d}u \\ {\omega }_2=a\cos u\mathrm{d}v \end{gathered}$$

求其外微分得

$$\begin{gathered} \mathrm{d}{\omega }_1=0 \\ \mathrm{d}{\omega }_2=-a\sin u\mathrm{d}u\wedge \mathrm{d}v \end{gathered}$$

注意到关系得

$$\boxed{\left\{\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{d}{\omega }_1={\omega }_2\wedge {\omega }_{21}\\ \mathrm{d}{\omega }_2={\omega }_1\wedge {\omega }_{12}\end{array}\right\}}$$

代入有

$$\{\begin{array}{ll}0=a\cos u\mathrm{d}v\wedge {\omega }_{21}& \\ -a\sin u\mathrm{d}u\wedge \mathrm{d}v=a\mathrm{d}u\wedge {\omega }_{12}& \end{array}$$

也就是

$$\{\begin{array}{llc}0=\mathrm{d}v\wedge {\omega }_{21}& & \\ -\sin u\mathrm{d}u\wedge \mathrm{d}v=\mathrm{d}u\wedge {\omega }_{12}& & \end{array}$$

解得

$${\omega }_{12}=-\sin u\mathrm{d}v$$

类似地，求得${\omega }_{13},{\omega }_{23}$ 。

它满足

$$({\omega }_{13}{\omega }_{23})=({\omega }_1{\omega }_2)\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ b& c\end{array}\right)$$

这里，系数$a,b,c$由第二基本型$II=a({\omega }_1{)}^2+2b{\omega }_1{\omega }_2+c({\omega }_2{)}^2$确定。

本题的第二基本型是$L$d$u$d$u+2M$d$u$d$v+N$d$v$d$v$

它是$$\frac{L}{E}({\omega }_1{)}^2+2\frac{M}{\sqrt{E}\sqrt{G}}{\omega }_1{\omega }_2+\frac{N}{G}({\omega }_2{)}^2$$

于是

$$\begin{array}{rl}({\omega }_{13}{\omega }_{23})& =\left(\begin{array}{cc}\sqrt{E}\mathrm{d}u& \sqrt{G}\mathrm{d}v\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}\frac{L}{E}& \frac{M}{\sqrt{E}\sqrt{G}}\\ \frac{M}{\sqrt{E}\sqrt{G}}& \frac{N}{G}\end{array}\right)\\ & =\left(\frac{L}{\sqrt{E}}\mathrm{d}u+\frac{M}{\sqrt{E}}\mathrm{d}v\frac{M}{\sqrt{G}}\mathrm{d}u+\frac{N}{\sqrt{G}}\mathrm{d}v\right)\end{array}$$

现在代入验证就可以了

$$L=a,M=0,N=a{\cos }^{2}u$$

代入便得到

$$({\omega }_{13}{\omega }_{23})=(\mathrm{d}u\cos u\mathrm{d}v)$$