(A) 第一个because应该置于either的后面。
(B) 第一个because应该置于either的后面，either… or…连接对象不平行，前者是because引导的从
句，后者是because of介词短语。
(C) 第一个because of应该置于either的后面；either… or…连接对象不平行，前者是because of介词
短语，后者是because引导的从句；because of… being的表达方式不正确。
(D) because of介词短语的表达方式不如because引导从句的方式简洁；the ground’s being warmer
与the interaction不平行。
(E) 正确，either… or…连接because引导的并列原因状语从句。
114. (30583-!-item-!-188;#058&004275)
A study on couples' retirement transitions found that women who took new jobs after retiring from
their primary careers reported high marital satisfaction, more than when retiring completely.
(A) more than when retiring
(B) more than if they were to retire
(C) more so than those who retired
(D) which was more so than those retiring
(E) which was more than if they had retired
句子结构：study found that… women… reported high marital satisfaction, more so than those…
主语是study，谓语是found，后跟that引导的宾语从句说明found的内容。
考点：比较、逻辑表达、平行对称
比较，相同比较对象对比，第二个名词由相应的代词指代，要注意单复数形式。
逻辑表达-维持原句意思，比较结构中的代词指代对象要注意是否符合逻辑意思，并且是否表达了原
句所要表达的意思。
平行-定语从句，在比较句子中比较对象的修饰成分最好用相同的表达方式，以使句子更加平行对称。
(A) 缺少指代women的代词，致使more than的比较对象不对等，satisfaction与when retiring对比。
(B) they指代前面的women，表达意思错误，因为if they were to retire表达了同一群妇女不同情况下
的satisfaction对比，改变了原句意思，原句要表达的是不同妇女不同情况下的satisfaction对比；more
than前后不平行。
(C) 正确，those指代women，who took和who retired平行。
(D) which与so都指代satisfaction，重复；
(E) they指代前面的women，表达意思错误，与A选项相同；没有特殊的时间标志说明需要用过去完
成时had retired。
115. (30629-!-item-!-188;#058&004284)
Many population studies have linked a high-salt diet to high rates of hypertension and shown that in
societies where they consume little salt, their blood pressure typically does not rise with age.
(A) shown that in societies where they consume little salt, their
(B) shown that in societies that have consumed little salt, their
(C) shown that in societies where little salt is consumed,
(D) they showed that in societies where little salt is consumed,
(E) they showed that in societies where they consume little salt, their
句子结构：Many population studies have linked… and shown that…
主语是studies，谓语是have shown，后跟that引导的宾语从句说明show的内容。
考点：指代一致、逻辑表达、简洁有效
指代一致，they/their 在句子中必须有明确的指代对象，即句中出现过的复数名词，而不能暗指“大众
群体”；相同的代词在同一个句子中必须指代相同的名词，使代词指代一致以避免产生歧义。
逻辑表达-修饰，定语通常只就近修饰最近的名词或代词，要注意句意是否合理，并且维持原句意思。
简洁有效，主语相同的并列句可以省略第二个主语，使成为并列谓语的句子，更简洁有效。
(A) they和their没有指代对象。
(B) that引导的定语从句修饰就近的名词societies，逻辑意思不合理；their没有指代对象。
(C) 正确，where引导定语从句修饰societies。
(D) they指代对象不清楚（应该指代studies，但有指代rates的歧义），而且多余，应该是主语studies
后跟两个并列谓语have linked and shown。
(E) 第一个they指代对象不清楚，而且多余，理由与D选项相同；第二个they和their没有指代对象（按
照理解应该是“大众群体”），与第一个they的指代对象不一致。
116. (30675-!-item-!-188;#058&004285)
India, like Italy and China, has no single dominant cuisine: Indian food comprises many different
styles of cooking, with each a product of their regional influences, from the fiery vegetarian dishes
of the south to the Portuguese-influenced Goan cooking of the west, to the more familiar Mogul
food of the north.
(A) with each a product of their
(B) with each as a product of its
(C) each products of their
(D) each a product of
(E) each products of
句子结构：India,…, has no single dominant cuisine: Indian food comprises… styles of cooking, each
a product of…, from… to…
冒号后面的句子主语是Indian food，谓语是comprises，宾语是many different styles of cooking，后
跟独立主格结构，from… to… 是介词短语作定语修饰名词influence。
考点：句子结构、指代一致
句子结构-独立主格，each+noun. +prep. 独立主格结构，注意不需要 with 或 as。
指代一致-单复数，代词 each, every 等表达“每个”意思，后面应该跟单数可数名词。
(A) with多余；each a product后面应该对应单数代词its，而不是their。
(B) with多余；as多余。
(C) each后面应该跟单数名词product，和单数代词its，而不是复数。
(D) 正确，each+noun. +prep. 独立主格结构。
(E) each后面应该跟单数名词product。
补充说明：独立主格结构
独立主格结构的形式（摘自白勇语法）
（1） 一般独立主格：名词+名词，名词+形容词，名词+分词，名词+介词
（2） 逻辑紧密型独立主格：with+名词+名词/形容词/分词/介词
（3） 强调型独立主格：each+名词+名词/形容词/分词/介词
独立主格本身无谓语，而依附于主句谓语，起状语作用，放在句首或句尾。
GMAC 很喜欢独立主格结构作为正确答案，切记。
独立主格与同位语的区别
独立主格是句子的一种结构, 比如主句（必要结构）和从句也都是句子的一种结构。
同位语是基于词的位置和作用对于名词的一种定义，比如可以有同位语从句，同位语也可以出现在独
立主格中。
117. (30721-!-item-!-188;#058&004288)
The population of India has been steadily increasing for decades, and it will probably have what is
estimated as 1.6 billion people by 2050 and surpass China as the world's most populous nation.
(A) it will probably have what is estimated as
(B) they are likely to have
(C) the country will probably have
(D) there will probably be
(E) there will be an estimated
句子结构：The population… has been increasing…, and the country will have…
考点：指代一致、平行对称、简洁有效
指代一致，结合原文要表达的意思，确定代词的指代对象及单复数。
平行对称-谓语，注意未划线部分句子给的提示，尤其是连词和代词，如 and、it 等，使划线部分与未
划线部分保持结构平行、单复数及指代一致。
(A) it指代对象错误，在本选项中it指代population，而原意应该指代India；what is estimated as的表
达方式啰嗦，而且与probably意思上有重复，被动语态也不能清楚地表达施动对象，要慎用；estimate
用作动词“估计，估算”时后面常跟介词at，而不是as，estimate sth (at sth)。
(B) they没有指代对象。
(C) 正确，probably简洁地表达了“可能”的意思。
(D) there be结构无法与未划线部分句子的and surpass连接。
(E) 原因与D选项相同。
118. (30767-!-item-!-188;#058&004308)
It was only after Katharine Graham became publisher of The Washington Post in 1963 that it moved
into the first rank of American newspapers, and it was under her command that the paper won high
praise for its unrelenting reporting of the Watergate scandal.
(A) It was only after Katharine Graham became publisher of The Washington Post in 1963 that it
moved into the first rank of American newspapers, and it was under her command that the paper
won high praise
(B) It was only after Katharine Graham's becoming publisher of The Washington Post in 1963 that it
moved into the first rank of American newspapers, and under her command it had won high praise
(C) Katharine Graham became publisher of The Washington Post in 1963, and only after that did it
move into the first rank of American newspapers, having won high praise under her command
(D) Moving into the first rank of American newspapers only after Katharine Graham became its
publisher in 1963, The Washington Post, winning high praise under her command
(E) Moving into the first rank of American newspapers only after Katharine Graham's becoming its
publisher in 1963, The Washington Post won high praise under her command
句子结构：It was after… that it moved into…, and it was under… that the paper won…
这是两个并列的强调句，it指代The Washington Post。
原句的意思是：是在 Katharine Graham 成为邮报出版者后，该报纸才挤身美国主流报纸；是在
Katharine Graham 的带领下，该报纸赢得了高度评价。
考点：句子结构、平行对称、指代一致、简洁有效
句子结构-强调句，“it+be 动词+强调部分+who(m)或 that+其他部分”。
平行对称-句子，由 and 引导的并列句，如果表达平行的含义，尽量在形式上也保持对称。
指代一致-that 指代，代词 that 只能指代名词，不能指代动词。
简洁有效，介词+ one’s +doing 的表达方式不如直接用动词更有效；
(A) 正确，由and连接的两个并列的强调句，注意此处两个并列结构中的it不是形式主语，而是强调结
构中的it。
(B) Katharine Graham’s becoming的表达方式不及直接用谓语动词的表达方式更简洁有效；and连接
的两个句子不平行，前者是强调句，后者不是。
(C) that指代错误，因为代词that只能指代名词，而在此句中要表达的意思是after became…，需要指
代动词became；句尾的现在分词结构having won high praise under her command有就近修饰名词
American newspapers的歧义。
(D) 句子主语是The Washington Post，由句首的现在分词状语结构moving into…修饰，句尾的
winning high praise under her command也是现在分词结构，作定语修饰主语，整个句子缺少谓语。
(E) Katharine Graham’s becoming的表达方式不及直接用谓语动词的表达方式更简洁有效。
补充说明：强调结构
强调结构，即“it+be 动词+强调部分+who(m)或 that+其他部分”。
强调结构中的 it 不作句子结构中的任何成分，无所指代，故认为不与后面有所指的 it 冲突。
但形式主语（也叫先行主语）不一样，形式主语 it 指代了句子的真正主语（真正的主语在句子后部），
因为有所指，所以句子中如果再出现其它有所指的 it，就冲突了。
119. (30813-!-item-!-188;#058&004319)
Due to automobile-related jobs in the 1920's employing one of every eight workers, the automobile
industry dominated the American economy.
(A) Due to automobile-related jobs in the 1920's employing one of every eight workers, the
automobile industry dominated the American economy.
(B) One out of every eight workers were employed in automobile-related jobs in the 1920's, with the
American economy being dominated by the automobile industry.
(C) The automobile industry dominated the American economy in the 1920's, with one of every
eight workers having been employed in automobile-related jobs.
(D) In the 1920's, the automobile industry had dominated the American economy, when one out of
every eight workers was employed in an automobile-related job.
(E) In the 1920's, the automobile industry dominated the American economy, with one out of every
eight workers employed in an automobile-related job.
句子结构：the automobile industry dominated the American economy, with… employed…
主语是industry，谓语是dominated，宾语是the American economy，后跟独立主格结构。
考点：句子结构、逻辑表达、动词形式、习惯用语
句子结构-独立主格结构，with+名词+现在分词。
逻辑表达
1） 修饰，时间状语的位置不可随便变动，以免引起修饰歧义；
2） 维持原句强调重心，原句的主谓结构及修饰成分不应随意改变，以保持原句强调重心；
动词形式-过去完成时，in the 1920’s“在…年代”表达过去的时间，用过去完成时态。
习惯用语，表达“每…”用 one of out every+数字，而不是 one of every+数字。
(A) employing的逻辑主语是jobs，不符合逻辑，应该是industry；时间状语in the 1920’s的位置不正确，
存在歧义，可能是jobs in the 1920’s，也可能是in the 1920’s employing…。
(B) with the American economy being dominated的表达方式不如直接用动词形式更简洁有效，而且
被动语态的表达方式也不够清楚；原句的主谓语the automobile industry dominated…变成了修饰成
分，改变了原句强调重心。
(C) 时间状语in the 1920’s的位置不正确，应该置于句首修饰整个句子；one of every eight workers
与原句要表达的one out of every eight workers不同，前者是“八人中的一人”，而后者是“每八人中就
有一人”；with… having been…的表达方式不清楚。
(D) in the 1920’s是过去的时间，应该用过去时态，而不是过去完成时态；由when引导时间状语从句，
改变了原句所要表达的意思。
(E) 正确，with one out of every eight workers employed in…是独立主格结构。
补充说明：
独立主格结构，详见116题补充说明。
120. (30859-!-item-!-188;#058&004335)
Like any star of similar mass would do, once the Sun has exhausted the hydrogen in its core, it
expands into a red giant, eventually ejecting its outer envelope of gases to become a white dwarf.
(A) Like any star of similar mass would do, once the Sun has exhausted the hydrogen in its core, it
expands into a red giant, eventually ejecting
(B) Like any star of similar mass, once the hydrogen in the Sun's core is exhausted, then it expands
into a red giant and eventually ejects
(C) As in the case of any star of similar mass, once the hydrogen in the Sun's core is exhausted, it
will expand into a red giant, and eventually ejecting
(D) As any star of similar mass would, once the hydrogen in the Sun's core is exhausted it will
expand into a red giant and will eventually eject
(E) As would be the case with any star of similar mass, once the Sun exhausts the hydrogen in its
core, it will expand into a red giant and eventually eject
句子结构：As would be the case with…, once the Sun exhausts…, it will expand into… and eject…
once是连词。
考点：比较、句子结构、逻辑表达、指代一致、平行
比较
1） 比较的常用结构 as be the case (with)…，是 as the case be 的倒装形式，其常见的错误
用法包括：as it be；than be the case；as in/with the case of；
2）
like/unlike，前后比较对象对等（like/unlike 开头的强调对比的句子，主语要以进行比较
的对等的名词开头）。常见的错误用法有：比较对象不对等；as+noun；like+句子。
句子结构-连词，在表达比较的意思“像…”时，like 用作介词，后面只能跟名词或代词，不能连接句子，
这种情况下如果要用句子表达对比，须用 as。
逻辑表达，仔细体会原句所要表达的含义，确定使用分词结构还是动词形式。
指代一致，（指示）代词 it 不能指向所有格形式上的名词。
平行-错误平行，看到 and 要特别注意句中是否有正确的平行对象，句中是否应该出现平行对称结构，
该平行结构是否符合原句所要表达的意思。
(A) like是介词，后面只能跟名词或代词，不能连接句子，只有连词才可以连接句子；该选项中现在分
词结构ejecting在句尾作状语，表示伴随结果，所表达的同时发生的意思不如用and连接的并列谓语更
准确，因为后者能准确表达先后发生的意思（由eventually可知）。
(B) star 与 hydrogen 比较对象不对等；it 错误地指代 hydrogen，应该指代 Sun，但在该选项中 Sun
是以所有格形式出现的，it 无法指向所有格形式的 Sun；被动语态的表达不如主动语态更清楚。
(C) as in the case…的表达方式不正确；it错误地指代hydrogen，原因与选项B相同；and ejecting没
有平行对象。
(D) it错误地指代hydrogen，原因与选项B相同；用as连接句子表示比较也正确，但不应该用过去时态
would，应该用将来时will；被动语态的表达不如主动语态更清楚。
(E) 正确，as would be the case with…是比较结构的一种，表达比较对象的情况相同。
补充说明：指代
我们现在讨论的代词主要是：指示代词（如she、it）、物主代词（如her、its）。
这两类代词在句子中所充当的成分不同，指示代词在句中作主语或宾语，而物主代词在句中是作定语
的。
所以，指“代词无法指代所有格”这一规则更严格一点来说，应该是指示代词无法指代所有格，因为所
有格在句中也是作定语的，不同的功能，无法替代。
121. (30905-!-item-!-188;#058&004341)
When the temperature of a gas is increased, it is either accompanied by an increase in pressure if
the gas is enclosed in a container, or an increase in volume if the gas is able to expand.
(A) When the temperature of a gas is increased, it is either accompanied by an increase in pressure
if the gas is enclosed in a container, or
(B) When the temperature of a gas is increased, it is accompanied either by an increase in pressure
if it is enclosed in a container or
(C) When the temperature of a gas is increased, the increase is either accompanied by an increase
in pressure if the gas is enclosed in a container or by
(D) Any increase in the temperature of a gas is either accompanied by an increase in pressure if it
is enclosed in a container, or by
(E) Any increase in the temperature of a gas is accompanied either by an increase in pressure if the
gas is enclosed in a container or by
句子结构：Any increase… is accompanied either by… or by…
主语是increase，谓语是is accompanied，后跟由either… or…连接的并列结构。
考点：平行对称、指代一致、简洁有效
平行对称-介词短语，either… or…连接的对象要保持对称，相同的介词通常不省略，以避免产生歧义。
指代一致，当句子中有多个单数名词时，注意 it 的指代对象，避免指代歧义的发生致使句子逻辑关系
混乱。
简洁有效，用最简洁的方式表达原句所要表达的意思，避免用词重复使句子啰嗦不简洁。
(A) either… or…连接的对象不对称；it错误地指代temperature，不符合逻辑。
(B) either… or…连接的对象不对称；it错误地指代temperature，不符合逻辑。
(C) either… or…连接的对象不对称，accompanied 应该置于either前面；when… is increased, the
increase两次increase的重复使句子变得啰嗦，没有必要用when引导状语从句。
(D) either… or…连接的对象不对称，accompanied 应该置于either前面；it错误地指代increase，应
该指代gas。
(E) 正确，either… or… 连接并列的介词短语。
122. (30951-!-item-!-188;#058&004354)
Surveys have shown that in up to 40 percent of elderly people living independently in affluent
countries, the consumption of one or more essential nutrients is insufficient or they have deficient
levels of these nutrients in their blood.
(A) in up to 40 percent of elderly people living independently in affluent countries, the consumption
of one or more essential nutrients is insufficient or they have
(B) in up to 40 percent of elderly people who live independently in affluent countries, they consume
one or more essential nutrients insufficiently or have
(C) in up to 40 percent of elderly people who live independently in affluent countries, one or more
essential nutrients are consumed insufficiently or having
(D) up to 40 percent of elderly people living independently in affluent countries who consume
insufficient amounts of one or more essential nutrients or who have
(E) up to 40 percent of elderly people who live independently in affluent countries consume
insufficient amounts of one or more essential nutrients or have
句子结构：Surveys have shown that… elderly people… consume… or have…
主语是surveys，谓语是have shown，后跟that引导的宾语从句说明show的内容，宾语从句的主语是
elderly people，由who引导的定语从句修饰，并列谓语是consume和have。
考点：指代一致、逻辑表达、平行对称
指代一致，当句子中有多个复数名词时，注意 they 的指代对象，避免指代歧义的发生致使句子逻辑
关系混乱。
逻辑表达-修饰，副词修饰动词，形容词修饰名词，很多选项会将副词与形容词混用，使句子意思发
生变化，要特别留意；定语从句修饰紧临的名词或代词。
平行对称-句子，表达并列的含义，如果主语相同，最好用由 and 或 or 连接的并列谓语，平行且简洁。
(A) they的指代对象错误；or连接的并列结构不平行。
(B) they的指代对象不清楚；副词insufficiently修饰动词consume，与原句形容词insufficient修饰对象
不同，改变了原句要表达的意思。
(C) 被动语态的表达方式不清楚，没有说明施动对象；or having没有平行对象，因为前面是are
consumed。
(D) who引导的并列定语从句错误地修饰紧临的名词countries。
(E) 正确，宾语从句谓语结构是elderly people consume or have，who引导定语从句修饰主语。
123. (30997-!-item-!-188;#058&004357)
According to two teams of paleontologists, recent fossil discoveries in Pakistan show that whales,
porpoises, and dolphins are more closely related to some of the oldest known even-toed
ungulates--a group of hoofed mammals that today includes cows, camels, pigs, and hippos--than to
any other mammals.
(A) that whales, porpoises, and dolphins are more closely related to some of the oldest known
even-toed ungulates--a group of hoofed mammals that today includes cows, camels, pigs, and
hippos--than
(B) that whales, porpoises, and dolphins are more closely related to some of the oldest known
even-toed ungulates--a group of hoofed mammals that today include cows, camels, pigs, and
hippos--as
(C) whales, porpoises, and dolphins to be more closely related to some of the oldest known
even-toed ungulates--a group of hoofed mammals that today include cows, camels, pigs, and
hippos--than they are
(D) whales, porpoises, and dolphins as being more closely related to some of the oldest known
even-toed ungulates--a group of hoofed mammals that today includes cows, camels, pigs, and
hippos--as they are
(E) whales, porpoises, and dolphins as more closely related to some of the oldest known even-toed
ungulates--a group of hoofed mammals that today include cows, camels, pigs, and hippos--than
句子结构：According to…, … discoveries... show that whales… are more closedly related to… than
to…
主语是discoveries，谓语是show，后跟that引导的宾语从句，宾语从句中有比较结构
考点：句子结构、比较
句子结构-that 引导的宾语从句，常见能跟这类从句的动词有 admit, advise, agree, believe, claim,
command, find, explain, learn, know, require 等等。在正式书面语中，that 通常不省略为好。
比较，less/more adj. … than… ，比较对象要对等，补出助动词以避免产生歧义，介词不可省略。
常见的错误用法包括：缺少助动词；补出的助动词与前面不一致；more…in stead of…/as opposed
to…等形式。
A of B that 结构中 that 后面谓语动词的单复数形式根据逻辑意思来判定
(A) 正确，that引导宾语从句，比较结构为more closely related to … than to…。
(B) more…as… 搭配错误，应该是more… than…。
(C) 宾语从句缺少引导词that； show sth to be… 变宾语从句为名词+修饰词结构错误；they are在这
种没有歧义存在的情况下可以省略，使句子更简洁。
(D) 宾语从句缺少引导词that；more…as… 搭配错误，应该是more… than…；show sth as being…
表达方式错误；they are在这种没有歧义存在的情况下可以省略，使句子更简洁。
(E) 宾语从句缺少引导词that；show sth as…表达方式错误。
124. (31091-!-item-!-188;#058&004372)
Whereas the use of synthetic fertilizers has greatly expanded agricultural productivity in many parts
of the world, an increase in their use can create serious environmental problems such as water
pollution, and their substitution for more traditional fertilizers may accelerate soil structure
deterioration and soil erosion.
(A) an increase in their use can create serious environmental problems such as water pollution, and
their substitution for more traditional fertilizers
(B) an increase in their use can create serious environmental problems like water pollution, and if
substituted for more traditional fertilizers, it
(C) if these fertilizers are used increasingly, they can create serious environmental problems such
as water pollution, and if used as substitutions for more traditional fertilizers, they
(D) the increased usage of these fertilizers can create serious environmental problems such as
water pollution, while if substituted for more traditional fertilizers, this substitution
(E) the increased usage of these fertilizers can create serious environmental problems like water
pollution, while their substitution for more traditional fertilizers
句子结构：Wherease…, an increase in their use can create…, and their substitution may…
考点：习惯用语、指代一致、逻辑表达
习惯用语-such as，表示举例时用 such as，而不是用 like。
指代一致，句中出现 it 或 they 时要注意其的代对象是否明确单一，并且符合逻辑意思及原句要表达
的意思。
逻辑表达，不同的连词通常表达不同的含义，原句所使用的连词如果没有逻辑意思上的错误，尽量保
留，以维持原句意思不变。
(A) 正确，such as用以举例；and连接并列的句子。
(B) 用like举例错误，应该用such as；it指代对象不清楚。
(C) 第一个they指代fertilizers作creat serious environmental problems的主语不符合逻辑及原句要表
达的意思，应该是fertilizers的增长引起环境问题，而不是fertilizers本身；第二个they指代对象不清楚。
(D) if substituted…, this substitution…的表达方式啰嗦不简洁；while表达了转折的含义，而原句中由
and连接并列的句子，并没有此含义。
(E) 用like举例错误，应该用such as；while表达了转折的含义，而原句中由and连接并列的句子，并
没有此含义。
125. (31137-!-item-!-188;#058&004397)
The computer company registered a $16 million net loss for the year, largely because it was
profitable only overseas, where much of their profits were used for paying higher taxes, while
continuing to lose money in North America.
(A) where much of their profits were used for paying higher taxes, while continuing
(B) where much of their profits went to pay higher taxes, as they continued
(C) where much of its profit went to pay higher taxes, while it continued
(D) with much of their profits going to pay higher taxes, while continuing
(E) with much of the profit used for paying higher taxes, as it continued
句子结构：The computer company registered…, because…, while…
主语是computer company，谓语是registered，宾语是net loss，后跟原因状语从句，关系副词where
引导定语从句作插入语修饰名词overseas，while it continued…表示转折对比含义。
考点：动词形式、指代一致、逻辑表达
动词形式-现在进行时，有些动词（表示状态或感觉的词，或者表示极短暂的动作）一般不用现在进
行时，比如：declare, recognize 等，continue 是表示状态的动词，不用现在进行时态。
指代一致，单数名词对应单数代词 it, its，在该题中，注意未划线部分句子的提示，已经有单数代词
it。
逻辑表达，while 作连词，表达“而，然而”的意思，对比两件事情；as 作连词，表达“当…时，随着”
的意思，改变了原句意思，原句的连词不应随意变换。
(A) their指代单数名词company错误；表示状态的动词continue不能用现在进行时态；be used for
paying名词形式不如动词形式更简洁有效。
(B) their和they指代单数名词company错误；as作连词表示“当…时，随着”，改变了原句要表达“然而”
的转折对比含义。
(C) 正确，关系副词where引导定语从句修饰名词overseas，went to pay…清楚地表达了profit的用途，
while it continued表达了转折对比关系。
(D) with… +现在分词结构不能清楚地表达与overseas的关系；表示状态的动词continue不能用现在进
行时态。
(E) with…+过去分词结构不能清楚地表达与overseas的关系；as作连词表示“当…时，随着”，改变了
原句要表达“然而”的转折对比含义；be used for paying名词形式不如动词形式更简洁有效。
126. (31183-!-item-!-188;#058&004404)
The agreement, the first to formally require industrialized countries to cut emissions of gases linked
to global warming, is a formal protocol by which 38 industrialized countries must reduce emissions
of these gases by 2012 or face heavy penalties.
(A) by which
(B) for which
(C) under which
(D) such that
(E) wherein
句子结构：The agreement, …, is a formal protocol under which…
主语是agreement，系动词是is，表语是protocol，the first…是主语agreement的同位语，which引导
定语从句修饰名词protocol。
考点：习惯用语、句子结构
习惯用语-介词 under，表示“协议、法律或制度”的名词常与介词 under 连用，under 在这种情况下的
意思是 according to“根据，按照”。
句子结构，介词+which 后接完整句子的用法。
(A) 介词by错误。
(B) 介词for错误。
(C) 正确，which…指代前句宾语protocol。
(D) such that用法错误，而且that只连接句子，失去了从句对主语宾语protocol的修饰关系。
(E) wherein是副词、连词或代词，不能作介词。
补充说明：which的三种用法
SVO，which VO（which 后接不完整句子，which 在从句中作名词性成分，指代前句宾语）；
SVO prep. + which VO（介词+which 后接完整句子，prep.+which 作宾语补足语，which 指代前句宾
语）；
SVO，some/%/数字[百分比结构] + of which VO（which 后接不完整句子，百分比结构+which 作名
词性成分，which 指代前句宾语）。
注意：看到 prep. + which 的选项，指 prep. + which 指代的名词性成分放在从句末理解，看句意是否
流畅。
127. (31278-!-item-!-188;#058&004418)
After decreasing steadily in the mid-1990's, the percentage of students in the United States
finishing high school or having earned equivalency diplomas increased in the last three years of the
decade, up to 86.5 percent in 2000 from 85.9 percent in 1999 and 84.8 percent in 1998.
(A) finishing high school or having earned equivalency diplomas increased in the last three years of
the decade, up to 86.5 percent in 2000 from 85.9 percent in 1999 and
(B) finishing high school or earning equivalency diplomas, increasing in the last three years of the
decade, rising to 86.5 percent in 2000 from 85.9 percent in 1999 and from
(C) having finished high school or earning an equivalency diploma increased in the last three years
of the decade, and rose to 86.5 percent in 2000 from 85.9 percent in 1999 and from
(D) who either finished high school or they earned an equivalency diploma, increasing in the last
three years of the decade, rose to 86.5 percent in 2000 from 85.9 percent in 1999 and
(E) who finished high school or earned equivalency diplomas increased in the last three years of the
decade, to 86.5 percent in 2000 from 85.9 percent in 1999 and
句子结构：After decreasing…, the percentage… increased…, to… from…
主语是the percentage，谓语是increased，宾语是介词结构to… from…。who引导定语从句修饰名词
students。
考点：动词形式、句子结构、习惯用语、逻辑表达、简洁有效
动词形式-现在进行时，有些动词（表示状态或感觉的词，或者表示极短暂的动作）一般不用现在进
行时，比如：declare, recognize 等，finish 是表示极短暂动作的动词，不用现在进行时态；表达
并列意思的谓语最好用一致的时态，除非有特别的时间标志。
句子结构，当句子中有现在分词结构时，注意是否该分词应该是原句的谓语。
习惯用语-介词，increase to 是固定搭配，increase up to 是错误的，up 多余，应该去掉。
逻辑表达，现在分词结构在句尾可作定语修饰紧临的名词，也可作状语修饰整个句子，所以在这种情
况下需要特别注意，通常优先作定语修饰名词，如果不符合逻辑，则是作状语修饰句子，如果二
者都能理解符合逻辑，则说明该分词结构有修饰歧义。
简洁有效-语意重复，rise 与 increase 表达了相同的意思，只需要一个词即可，避免语意上的重复。
(A) 表示极短暂动作的动词finish不用进行时态，故现在分词结构应该改为从句形式作定语；现在完成
时having earned与前面的时态不一致；increase to是固定搭配，up多余，应该去掉。
(B) 表示极短暂动作的动词finish不用进行时态，故现在分词结构应该改为从句形式作定语；整个句子
缺少谓语；finishing…, increasing…, rising…有并列的嫌疑，而且rise与increase语意重复。
(C) 现在完成时having finished与后面的时态不一致；rise与increase语意重复。
(D) either… or…连接的对象不对称，而且表达的意思也与原句有所不同；现在分词结构increasing有
作定语就近修饰diplomas的歧义，increase应该是句子的谓语；rise与increase语意重复。
(E) 正确，who引导定语从句，修饰名词students，并列谓语finished or earned。
128. (31324-!-item-!-188;#058&004419)
According to a study published in The New England Journal of Medicine, aspirin prevents blood
clots just as well as a commonly used and more expensive blood-thinning drug does.
(A) prevents blood clots just as well as a commonly used and more expensive blood-thinning drug
does
(B) prevents blood clots just as well as does a commonly used and a more expensive
blood-thinning drug
(C) prevents blood clots just as well as will a commonly used and more expensive blood-thinning
drug
(D) works just as well as a commonly used and more expensive blood-thinning drug at the
prevention of blood clots
(E) works just as well as does a commonly used blood-thinning drug, which is also more expensive,
at preventing blood clots
句子结构：According to…, aspirin prevents blood clots as well as… blood-thinning drug does.
主语是aspirin，谓语是prevents，宾语是blood clots，后跟… as + adj. +as… 比较结构。
考点：比较、简洁有效
比较，对主谓宾结构的句型主语比较，需要补出助动词，注意助动词的形式、单复数及时态。
简洁有效，修饰名词以形容词最为简洁，尽量保持原句的修饰方式，由名词改为定语从句使得句子啰
嗦。
(A) 正确，aspirin与blood-thinning drug在prevent blood clots上的比较，does指代prevents，补出以
避免歧义。
(B) a commonly used and a more expensive中的第二个冠词a多余，使得句意变化，成为两种drug。
(C) 助动词will应该为does，因为原句用的一般现在时prevents则不是将来时态。
(D) works at prevention of…的表达方式啰嗦；缺少助动词does。
(E) works at preventing…的表达方式啰嗦；which引导定语从句修饰drug啰嗦，不如直接用形容词作
定语。
补充说明：比较-主语比较
1、对主谓宾全的句型主语比较：A do sth than B do.（AB为对等名词，加do是为了显示这是一个可
以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）。时态要据后定。There be 句型等同
于一般的主谓宾俱全的句型。
主语若相同，可省，但助动词不能省。如：
As a result of the continuing decline in the birth rate, [fewer people] will enter the labor force [in the
1980’s] than (few people省略)did [in the 1960’s and 1970’s], a twenty-year period during which
people born after the war swelled the ranks of workers.
2、对只有主谓（如果主语有定语成分，必须要that/those来指代），没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，
只可能有主语比较，因而不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下：
I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别 I eat apple faster than you do 如果写成 I eat apple faster
than you 按GMAC的理解，从语法上就变成我吃苹果比吃你快，成了宾语比较。逻辑上显然不通。
3、主系表结构的比较与主谓结构相同。如果时态不一致，则需补出助词，如：
The economy of Florida is more diversified than it was ten years ago
129. (31370-!-item-!-188;#058&004475)
In addition to her work on the Miocene hominid fossil record, Mary Leakey contributed to
archaeology through her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and through
her painstaking documentation of East African cave paintings.
(A) Mary Leakey contributed to archaeology through her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of
hominid activity and through her painstaking documentation of
(B) Mary Leakey contributed to archaeology by her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of
hominid activity and painstakingly documenting
(C) Mary Leakey was a contributor to archaeology by discovering the earliest direct evidence of
hominid activity and with her painstaking documentation of
(D) Mary Leakey's contributions to archaeology include her discovery of the earliest direct evidence
of hominid activity and painstakingly documenting
(E) Mary Leakey's contributions to archaeology include her discovering the earliest direct evidence
of hominid activity and painstaking documentation of
句子结构：In addition to…, Mary Leakey contributed to… through… and through…
主语是Mary Leakey，谓语是contributed，后跟介词宾语to archaeology，through引导两个并列的方
式状语。
注意：in addition to A, B …，A和B不一定是同一类事物。
考点：平行对称、简洁有效
平行对称-介词短语，并列的介词短语作方式状语形式要对称，介词通常不可以省略。
简洁有效，动词形式比名词形式更简洁有效地表达原句意思。
(A) 正确，through… and through…平行。
(B) 介词结构by her discovery of…与and后面的现在分词结构painstakingly documenting不平行。
(C) 介词+现在分词结构by discovering与and后面的with+名词结构with her painstaking
documentation不平行；be a contributor改变原句意思。
(D) 名词her discovery与and后面的现在分词结构painstakingly documenting不平行；名词’s
contributions形式不如动词更能表达原句意思。
(E) 动名词her discovering与and后面的名词形式painstaking documentation不平行；名词’s
contributions形式不如动词更能表达原句意思。
130. (31416-!-item-!-188;#058&004490)
Industrialization and modern methods of insect control have improved the standard of living around
the globe while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical
pollutants, having gone virtually unregulated since they were developed more than 50 years ago.
(A) while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants,
having
(B) while at the same time introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants that have
(C) while they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants at the same time, and
have
(D) but introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants at the same time that have
(E) but at the same time introduce some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having
句子结构：Industrialization and modern methods… have improved… while introducing…
主语是Industrialization and modern methods，谓语是have improved，宾语是the standard，后跟时
间状语从句while + 现在分词，that引导定语从句修饰名词pollutants。
考点：指代一致、句子结构
指代一致，相同的代词在同一句子中指代对象必须一致，所以当出现两个选项一个有代词，一个没有
代词，需要比较代词是否有指代错误或重复。
句子结构
1） while + 现在分词表达时间状语的方式；
2） 出现 and 连接并列结构时要注意其语法上的并列对象与逻辑意思是否相符。
(A) 整个句子中的两个代词they指代对象不一致，划线部分they没有指代对象，未划线部分的they指
代的是pollutants；having gone…分词结构有作伴随状语修饰have introduced的歧义，而不是作
pollutants的定语。
(B) 正确，while + 现在分词结构表示“与…同时”的含义；that引导定语从句修饰紧临的名词pollutants。
(C) 整个句子中的两个代词they指代对象不一致，原因与A选项相同；and have gone…在语法上应该
与主语谓语have improved并列，但在逻辑上应该是指pollutants，这种用法是错误的。
(D) but + 现在分词的用法错，而且but表达的是转折含义，原句并无此含义。
(E) but表达了与原句不同的转折含义，having gone…分词结构有作伴随状语修饰have introduced的
歧义，而不是作pollutants的定语。
补充说明：while的特殊用法
In writing, people often use a non-finite clause beginning with while. For example, instead of writing
“I often knit while I am watching TV.”, they write “I often knit while watching TV.”
连词 while 引导时间状语从句，有时可有成分省略（通常是在从句与主句的主语相同时，也可以说连
词引起一个单词或短语，如跟形容词、介词短语或现在分词等）。
而 but 是没有这种用法的。再者，but 表示转折含义。
131. (31462-!-item-!-188;#058&004501)
The particular design of muscles and bones in the neck and limbs of the turtle allow that it can draw
in its exposed parts such that an attacker can find nothing but hard shell to bite.
(A) allow that it can draw in its exposed parts such that
(B) allow it to draw in its exposed parts, and so
(C) allows for it to draw in its exposed parts and that
(D) allows that it can draw in its exposed parts, and so
(E) allows it to draw in its exposed parts, so that
句子结构：The design of… allows it to…, so that…
主语是design，谓语是allows，宾语是it，后跟介词to draw…作补语，连词so that引导结果目的从句。
考点：主谓一致、平行对称、习惯用语、简洁有效
主谓一致，当句子主语比较复杂时，注意其真正的主语核心词单复数。
平行对称，句子中有 and 时，要特别注意其前后的结构是否合理地对称，and that 是并列的从句，要
留意找前面是否有 that 从句，并且注意是否在逻辑意思上能并列。
习惯用语-so that，so that+从句表达目的，such that 强调程度，二者含义不同。
简洁有效，主从句相连只需要一个连词，注意区分连词与副词。
(A) allow应该用第三人称形式；such that所表达的是强调含义，与so that表达目的的含义不同。
(B) allow应该用第三人称形式；and与so都是连词，重复。
(C) and that没有并列对象；for多余，固定搭配是allow sb to do sth。
(D) and与so都是连词，重复；allows that it can draw的表达方式不及allow to do简洁。
(E) 正确，allows与单数主语design一致，so that引导目的状语从句。
132. (31556-!-item-!-188;#058&004545)
A recent review of pay scales indicates that CEO's now earn an average of 419 times more pay
than blue-collar workers, compared to a ratio of 42 times in 1980.
(A) that CEO's now earn an average of 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, compared to a
ratio of 42 times
(B) that, on average, CEO's now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, a ratio that
compares to 42 times
(C) that, on average, CEO's now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42
times their pay, the ratio
(D) CEO's who now earn on average 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, as compared to
42 times their pay, the ratio
(E) CEO's now earning an average of 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, compared to the
ratio of 42 times
句子结构：A recent review… indicates that…, CEO’S earn…, as compared to…
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