目录
6.3.4编程实例-简单实体构建
本实例参考了著名的Nehe OpenGL示例构建了四棱锥和立方体的实体模型，这两个模型的顶点位置如图6.13所示。可见，四棱锥的四个侧面的顶点序列分别为v0v1v2、v0v2v3、v0v3v4、v0v4v1，底面为v1v2v3v4。传递顶点信息时使用了glVertex3fv函数，以顶点首地址作为参数，比glVertex3f函数直接用顶点坐标作为参数的方式更为方便、直观。在坐标系原点建好的实体可以通过几何变换放置在任意不同的位置。在本示例中，四棱锥被放置在左侧，立方体被放置在右侧。
#include <gl/glut.h>
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
float rtri;
float rquad;
GLfloat points0[5][3] ={{ 0, 1, 0}, {-1, -1, 1}, { 1, -1, 1}, { 1, -1, -1},{-1, -1,-1}};
GLfloat points1[8][3]={ { 1, 1, -1 }, {-1, 1, -1}, {-1, 1, 1}, { 1, 1, 1},
{ 1, -1, 1 }, {-1, -1, 1}, {-1,-1,-1}, { 1, -1, -1}};
GLfloat Colors0[4][3]={{1,0,0},{0,1,0}, {0,0,1},{1,1,0}}; //四棱锥的颜色
//下行是立方体的颜色
GLfloat Colors1[6][3]={{0,1,0},{1,0.5,0},{1,0,0},{1,1,0},{0,0,1},{1,0,1}};
int vertice0[4][3]={{0,1,2},{0,2,3},{0,3,4},{0,4,1}}; //四棱锥的顶点号序列
//下行是立方体的顶点号序列
int vertice1[6][4]={{0,1,2,3},{4,5,6,7},{3,2,5,4},{7,6,1,0},{2,1,6,5}, {0,3,4,7}};
void InitGL ( GLvoid )
{
glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH);
glClearColor(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
glClearDepth(1.0f);
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL);
glEnable ( GL_COLOR_MATERIAL );
glHint(GL_PERSPECTIVE_CORRECTION_HINT, GL_NICEST);
glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT, GL_FILL);//控制多边形的正面与背面绘制模式，此处设为正面填充绘制
glPolygonMode(GL_BACK, GL_LINE);//背面为轮廓线绘制
}
void CreatePyramid()
{
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);
for(int i=0;i<4;i++)
{
glColor3fv(Colors0[i]);
for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
{
int VtxId=vertice0[i][j];
glVertex3fv(points0[VtxId]);
}
}
glEnd();
glBegin( GL_QUADS); //构建底面
glColor3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f );
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
glVertex3fv(points0[i]);
glEnd();
}
void CreateCube()
{
glBegin(GL_QUADS);
for(int i=0;i<6;i++)
{
glColor3fv(Colors1[i]);
for(int j=0;j<4;j++)
{
int VtxId=vertice1[i][j];
glVertex3fv(points1[VtxId]);
}
}
glEnd();
}
void display ( void )
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glLoadIdentity();
glPushMatrix();
glTranslatef(-1.5f,0.0f,-6.0f); //平移至左侧
glRotatef(rtri,0.0f,1.0f,0.0f); //旋转一个角度
CreatePyramid(); //创建三角塔
glLoadIdentity(); //将矩阵归一化回原样
glTranslatef(1.5f,0.0f,-6.0f); //平移到右侧
glRotatef(rquad,1.0f,0.0f,0.0f); //旋转一个角度
CreateCube(); //创建立方体
glPopMatrix();
rtri+=0.2f; //修改三角塔旋转角度
rquad-=0.15f; //修改立方体的旋转角度
glutSwapBuffers ( );
}
void reshape ( int width , int height )
{
if (height==0)
height=1;
glViewport(0,0,width,height);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
gluPerspective(45.0f,(GLfloat)width/(GLfloat)height,0.1f,100.0f);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity();
}
void main ( int argc, char** argv )
{
glutInit ( &argc, argv );
glutInitDisplayMode ( GLUT_RGBA | GLUT_DOUBLE );
glutInitWindowSize ( 600, 400 );
glutCreateWindow ( "Pyramid and cube" );
InitGL();
glutDisplayFunc ( display );
glutReshapeFunc ( reshape );
glutIdleFunc ( display );
glutMainLoop ( );
}
6.4.3 Bezier曲线曲面
1. 调和函数方式绘制Bezier曲线
#include <GL/glut.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct Point {
int x, y;
};
int ctrlPtNum = 0;
Point ctrlPt[4];
int bzSegNum = 20;
Point *bzPt = new Point[bzSegNum];
float white[3] = { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f };
float red[3] = { 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f };
void CalcBZPtByBaseFunc()
{
double B0, B1, B2, B3; //调和函数
double u;
double t = 0.0;
double dt = 1.0 / bzSegNum;
for (int i = 0; i < bzSegNum + 1; i++)
{
u = 1.0 - t;
B0 = u * u * u;
B1 = 3 * t * u * u;
B2 = 3 * t * t * u;
B3 = t * t * t;
bzPt[i].x = ctrlPt[0].x * B0 + ctrlPt[1].x * B1 + ctrlPt[2].x * B2 + ctrlPt[3].x * B3;
bzPt[i].y = ctrlPt[0].y * B0 + ctrlPt[1].y * B1 + ctrlPt[2].y * B2 + ctrlPt[3].y * B3;
t += dt;
}
}
void DisplayCtrlPt(Point *pt)
{
glPointSize(4);
for (int i = 0; i < ctrlPtNum; i++)
{
glBegin(GL_POINTS);
glColor3fv(red);
glVertex2i(pt[i].x, pt[i].y);
glEnd();
}
}
void DrawLineStrip(Point *pt, int num, float *clr)
{
glBegin(GL_LINE_STRIP);
for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)
{
glColor3fv(clr);
glVertex2i(pt[i].x, pt[i].y);
}
glEnd();
}
void myDisplay()
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
DisplayCtrlPt(ctrlPt);
if (ctrlPtNum == 4)
{
DrawLineStrip(ctrlPt, ctrlPtNum, red);
DrawLineStrip(bzPt, bzSegNum + 1, white);
}
glFlush();
}
void Init()
{
glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH);
printf("Please Click left button of mouse to input control point of Bezier Curve!\n");
}
void Reshape(int w, int h)
{
glViewport(0, 0, (GLsizei)w, (GLsizei)h);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
gluOrtho2D(0.0, (GLdouble)w, 0.0, (GLdouble)h);
}
void mouse(int button, int state, int x, int y)
{
switch (button)
{
case GLUT_LEFT_BUTTON:
if (state == GLUT_DOWN)
{
if (ctrlPtNum == 4)
ctrlPtNum = 0;
ctrlPtNum++;
ctrlPt[ctrlPtNum - 1].x = x;
ctrlPt[ctrlPtNum - 1].y = 480 - y;
if (ctrlPtNum == 4)
CalcBZPtByBaseFunc();
}
glutPostRedisplay();
break;
default:
break;
}
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_RGB | GLUT_SINGLE);
glutInitWindowPosition(100, 100);
glutInitWindowSize(640, 480);
glutCreateWindow("Hello World!");
Init();
glutDisplayFunc(myDisplay);
glutReshapeFunc(Reshape);
glutMouseFunc(mouse);
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
2. 离散方式绘制Bezier曲线
#include <GL/glut.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct Point {
int x, y;
};
int ctrlPtNum = 0;
Point ctrlPt[4];
int bzSegNum = 20;
Point *bzPt = new Point[bzSegNum];
float white[3] = { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f };
float red[3] = { 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f };
void CalcBZPtByCasteljau()
{
double t = 0.0;
double dt = 1.0 / bzSegNum;
Point p01, p11, p21, p02, p12;
for (int i = 0; i < bzSegNum + 1; i++)
{
p01.x = (1 - t)*ctrlPt[0].x + t * ctrlPt[1].x;
p01.y = (1 - t)*ctrlPt[0].y + t * ctrlPt[1].y;
p11.x = (1 - t)*ctrlPt[1].x + t * ctrlPt[2].x;
p11.y = (1 - t)*ctrlPt[1].y + t * ctrlPt[2].y;
p21.x = (1 - t)*ctrlPt[2].x + t * ctrlPt[3].x;
p21.y = (1 - t)*ctrlPt[2].y + t * ctrlPt[3].y;
p02.x = (1 - t)*p01.x + t * p11.x;
p02.y = (1 - t)*p01.y + t * p11.y;
p12.x = (1 - t)*p11.x + t * p21.x;
p12.y = (1 - t)*p11.y + t * p21.y;
bzPt[i].x = (1 - t)*p02.x + t * p12.x;
bzPt[i].y = (1 - t)*p02.y + t * p12.y;
t += dt;
}
}
void DisplayCtrlPt(Point *pt)
{
glPointSize(4);
for (int i = 0; i < ctrlPtNum; i++)
{
glBegin(GL_POINTS);
glColor3fv(red);
glVertex2i(pt[i].x, pt[i].y);
glEnd();
}
}
void DrawLineStrip(Point *pt, int num, float *clr)
{
glBegin(GL_LINE_STRIP);
for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)
{
glColor3fv(clr);
glVertex2i(pt[i].x, pt[i].y);
}
glEnd();
}
void myDisplay()
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
DisplayCtrlPt(ctrlPt);
if (ctrlPtNum == 4)
{
DrawLineStrip(ctrlPt, ctrlPtNum, red);
DrawLineStrip(bzPt, bzSegNum + 1, white);
}
glFlush();
}
void Init()
{
glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH);
printf("Please Click left button of mouse to input control point of Bezier Curve!\n");
}
void Reshape(int w, int h)
{
glViewport(0, 0, (GLsizei)w, (GLsizei)h);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
gluOrtho2D(0.0, (GLdouble)w, 0.0, (GLdouble)h);
}
void mouse(int button, int state, int x, int y)
{
switch (button)
{
case GLUT_LEFT_BUTTON:
if (state == GLUT_DOWN)
{
if (ctrlPtNum == 4)
ctrlPtNum = 0;
ctrlPtNum++;
ctrlPt[ctrlPtNum - 1].x = x;
ctrlPt[ctrlPtNum - 1].y = 480 - y;
if (ctrlPtNum == 4)
CalcBZPtByCasteljau();
}
glutPostRedisplay();
break;
default:
break;
}
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_RGB | GLUT_SINGLE);
glutInitWindowPosition(100, 100);
glutInitWindowSize(640, 480);
glutCreateWindow("Hello World!");
Init();
glutDisplayFunc(myDisplay);
glutReshapeFunc(Reshape);
glutMouseFunc(mouse);
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
6.4.6 编程实例-OpenGL曲线曲面生成
1.绘制Bezier曲线
#include <GL/glut.h>
GLfloat ctrlpoints[4][3] =
{{ -4.0, -4.0, 0.0}, { -2.0, 3.0, 0.0},
{2.0, 4.5, 0.0}, {3.0, -3.0, 0.0}};
void init(void)
{
glClearColor(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0);
glShadeModel(GL_FLAT);
//下行用于定义曲线函数
glMap1f(GL_MAP1_VERTEX_3, 0.0, 1.0, 3, 4, &ctrlpoints[0][0]);
glEnable(GL_MAP1_VERTEX_3); //将当前曲线函数激活
}
void display(void)
{
int i;
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
//下面用求值器按20等分计算Bezier曲线上的点
glColor3f(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glLineWidth(2);
glBegin(GL_LINE_STRIP);
for (i = 0; i <= 20; i++)
glEvalCoord1f((GLfloat) i/20.0); //相当于调用了glVertex*()
glEnd();
//下面绘制控制多边形
glLineWidth(1);
glColor3f(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
glBegin(GL_LINE_STRIP);
for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
glVertex3fv(&ctrlpoints[i][0]);
glEnd();
glFlush();
}
void reshape(int w, int h)
{
glViewport(0, 0, (GLsizei) w, (GLsizei) h);
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
if (w <= h)
glOrtho(-5.0, 5.0, -5.0*(GLfloat)h/(GLfloat)w,
5.0*(GLfloat)h/(GLfloat)w, -5.0, 5.0);
else
glOrtho(-5.0*(GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h, 5.0*(GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h,
-5.0, 5.0, -5.0, 5.0);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity();
}
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode (GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB);
glutInitWindowSize (500, 500);
glutInitWindowPosition (100, 100);
glutCreateWindow (argv[0]);
init ();
glutDisplayFunc(display);
glutReshapeFunc(reshape);
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
2.绘制Bezier曲面
#include <GL/glut.h>
GLfloat ctrlpoints[4][4][3] = {
{{-3, 0, 4.0}, {-2, 0, 2.0}, {-1, 0, 0.0}, {0, 0, 2.0}},
{{-3, 1, 1.0}, {-2, 1, 3.0}, {-1, 1, 6.0}, {0, 1, -1.0}},
{{-3, 2, 4.0}, {-2, 2, 0.0}, {-1, 2, 3.0}, {0, 2, 4.0}},
{{-3, 3, 0.0}, {-2, 3, 0.0}, {-1, 3, 0.0}, {0, 3, 0.0}}
};
void display(void)
{
int i, j;
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glColor3f(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glPushMatrix ();
glRotatef(85.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0);
for (j = 0; j <= 20; j++)
{
glBegin(GL_LINE_STRIP);
for (i = 0; i <= 20; i++)
glEvalCoord2f((GLfloat)i/20.0, (GLfloat)j/20.0); //调用求值器
glEnd();
glBegin(GL_LINE_STRIP);
for (i = 0; i <= 20; i++)
glEvalCoord2f((GLfloat)j/20.0, (GLfloat)i/20.0); //调用求值器
glEnd();
}
glPopMatrix ();
glFlush();
}
void init(void)
{
glClearColor (1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0);
//下行的代码用控制点定义Bezier曲面函数
glMap2f(GL_MAP2_VERTEX_3, 0, 1, 3, 4, 0, 1, 12, 4, &ctrlpoints[0][0][0]);
glEnable(GL_MAP2_VERTEX_3); //激活该曲面函数
glOrtho(-5.0, 5.0, -5.0, 5.0, -5.0, 5.0); //构造平行投影矩阵
}
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode (GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB | GLUT_DEPTH);
glutInitWindowSize (500, 500);
glutInitWindowPosition (100, 100);
glutCreateWindow (argv[0]);
init ();
glutDisplayFunc(display);
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}
扫一扫
3366
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
