HDU4081 Qin Shi Huang's National Road System（次小生成树）

Qin Shi Huang's National Road System

Time Limit: 2000/1000 MS (Java/Others)    Memory Limit: 32768/32768 K (Java/Others)

Problem Description

During the Warring States Period of ancient China(476 BC to 221 BC), there were seven kingdoms in China ---- they were Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin. Ying Zheng was the king of the kingdom Qin. Through 9 years of wars, he finally conquered all six other kingdoms and became the first emperor of a unified China in 221 BC. That was Qin dynasty ---- the first imperial dynasty of China(not to be confused with the Qing Dynasty, the last dynasty of China). So Ying Zheng named himself "Qin Shi Huang" because "Shi Huang" means "the first emperor" in Chinese.

Qin Shi Huang undertook gigantic projects, including the first version of the Great Wall of China, the now famous city-sized mausoleum guarded by a life-sized Terracotta Army, and a massive national road system. There is a story about the road system:
There were n cities in China and Qin Shi Huang wanted them all be connected by n-1 roads, in order that he could go to every city from the capital city Xianyang.
Although Qin Shi Huang was a tyrant, he wanted the total length of all roads to be minimum,so that the road system may not cost too many people's life. A daoshi (some kind of monk) named Xu Fu told Qin Shi Huang that he could build a road by magic and that magic road would cost no money and no labor. But Xu Fu could only build ONE magic road for Qin Shi Huang. So Qin Shi Huang had to decide where to build the magic road. Qin Shi Huang wanted the total length of all none magic roads to be as small as possible, but Xu Fu wanted the magic road to benefit as many people as possible ---- So Qin Shi Huang decided that the value of A/B (the ratio of A to B) must be the maximum, which A is the total population of the two cites connected by the magic road, and B is the total length of none magic roads.
Would you help Qin Shi Huang?
A city can be considered as a point, and a road can be considered as a line segment connecting two points.

 

Input

The first line contains an integer t meaning that there are t test cases(t <= 10).
For each test case:
The first line is an integer n meaning that there are n cities(2 < n <= 1000).
Then n lines follow. Each line contains three integers X, Y and P ( 0 <= X, Y <= 1000, 0 < P < 100000). (X, Y) is the coordinate of a city and P is the population of that city.
It is guaranteed that each city has a distinct location.

 

Output

For each test case, print a line indicating the above mentioned maximum ratio A/B. The result should be rounded to 2 digits after decimal point.

 

Sample Input

  
  

   
   2
4
1 1 20
1 2 30
200 2 80
200 1 100
3
1 1 20
1 2 30
2 2 40
  
  

 

Sample Output

  
  

   
   65.00
70.00
  
  

 

题目大意：

有n个城市，秦始皇要修用n-1条路把它们连起来，要求从任一点出发，都可以到达其它的任意点。秦始皇希望这所有n-1条路长度之和最短。然后徐福突然有冒出来，说是他有魔法，可以不用人力、财力就变出其中任意一条路出来。

秦始皇希望徐福能把要修的n-1条路中最长的那条变出来，但是徐福希望能把要求的人力数量最多的那条变出来。对于每条路所需要的人力，是指这条路连接的两个城市的人数之和。

最终，秦始皇给出了一个公式，A/B，A是指要徐福用魔法变出的那条路所需人力， B是指除了徐福变出来的那条之外的所有n-2条路径长度之和，选使得A/B值最大的那条。

分析与总结

为了使的A/B值最大，首先是需要是B尽量要小，所以可先求出n个城市的最小生成树。然后，就是决定要选择那一条用徐福的魔法来变。

因此，可以枚举每一条边，假设最小生成树的值是MinMST, 而枚举的那条边长度是w[i][j],  如果这一条边已经是属于最小生成树上的，那么最终式子的值是A/(MinMST-w[i][j])。如果这一条不属于最小生成树上的， 那么添加上这条边，就会有n条边，那么就会使得有了一个环，为了使得它还是一个生成树，就要删掉环上的一棵树。 为了让生成树尽量少，那么就要删掉除了加入的那条边以外，权值最大的那条路径。 假设删除的那个边的权值是path[i][j], 那么就是A/(MinMST-path[i][j]).

[次小生成树]

类比上述次短路径求法，很容易想到一个“枚举删除最小生成树上的每条边，再求最小生成树”的直观解法。如果用Prim+堆，每次最小生成树时间复杂度为O(N*log(N+M) + M)，枚举删除有O(N)条边，时间复杂度就是O(N^2*log(N+M) + N*M)，当图很稠密时，接近O(N^3)。这种方法简易直观，但我们有一个更简单，而且效率更高的O(N^2+M)的解法，下面介绍这种方法。

首先求出原图最小生成树，记录权值之和为MinST。枚举添加每条不在最小生成树上的边(u,v)，加上以后一定会形成一个环。找到环上权值第二大的边(即除了(u,v)以外的权值最大的边)，把它删掉，计算当前生成树的权值之和。取所有枚举修改的生成树权值之和的最小值，就是次小生成树。

具体实现时，更简单的方法是从每个节点i遍历整个最小生成树，定义F[j]为从i到j的路径上最大边的权值。遍历图求出F[j]的值，然后对于添加每条不在最小生成树中的边(i,j)，新的生成树权值之和就是MinST + w(i,j) – F[j]，记录其最小值，则为次小生成树。

该算法的时间复杂度为O(N^2 + M)。由于只用求一次最小生成树，可以用最简单的Prim，时间复杂度为O(N^2)。算法的瓶颈不在求最小生成树，而在O(N^2+M)的枚举加边修改，所以用更好的最小生成树算法是没有必要的。

次小生成树可由最小生成树换一条边得到.

step 1.  先用prim求出最小生成树T.

在prim的同时，用一个矩阵max[u][v] 记录 在T中连结任意两点u,v的唯一的边中权值最大的那条边的权值. (注意这里).这是很容易做到的，因为prim是每次增加一个结点s, 而设已经标号了的结点集合为W, 则W中所有的结点到s的路中的最大权值的边就是当前加入的这条边。

step 1 用时 O(V^2).

step 2.  枚举所有不在T中的边uv, 加入边uv则必然替换权为max[u][v]的边.

故总时间为O(V^2).

#include <cstdio>
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <algorithm>
#include <ctime>
#include <cmath>
#include <string>
#include <cstring>
#include <stack>
#include <queue>
#include <list>
#include <vector>
#include <map>
#include <set>
#define C 0.57721566490153286060651209
#define sqr(x) ((x)*(x))

using namespace std;

typedef long long LL;
const int INF=0x3f3f3f3f;
const double eps=1e-10;
const double PI=acos(-1.0);

const int maxn=1009;

struct City
{
    int x,y,p;
    void read()
    {
        scanf("%d%d%d",&x,&y,&p);
    }
    double dis(const City &rhs)
    {
        return sqrt(sqr(x-rhs.x)+sqr(y-rhs.y));
    }
}city[maxn];

double g[maxn][maxn];
double maxcost[maxn][maxn];
double mincost[maxn];
bool vis[maxn];

int p[maxn];

double prim(int n)
{
    memset(mincost,0x7f,sizeof(mincost));
    memset(maxcost,0,sizeof(maxcost));
    memset(vis,0,sizeof(vis));

    mincost[0]=0;

    for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
    {
        p[i]=i;
    }

    double res=0;
    for(;;)
    {
        int v=-1;
        for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
            if(!vis[i]&&(v==-1||mincost[v]>mincost[i]))
                v=i;
        if(v==-1)
            break;

        res+=mincost[v];
        vis[v]=true;

        for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
        {
            if(!vis[i]&&mincost[i]>g[v][i])
            {
                mincost[i]=g[v][i];
                p[i]=v;
            }
            if(vis[i]&&v!=i)
            {
                maxcost[v][i]=maxcost[i][v]=max(maxcost[i][p[v]],g[p[v]][v]);
            }
        }
    }
    return res;

}

int main()
{
    int t;
    scanf("%d",&t);
    while(t--)
    {
        int n;
        scanf("%d",&n);
        for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
            city[i].read();
        for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
        {
            for(int j=0;j<i;j++)
            {
                g[i][j]=g[j][i]=city[i].dis(city[j]);
            }
            g[i][i]=0;
        }
        double w=prim(n);
        double res=0;

        for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
            for(int j=0;j<i;j++)
                res=max(res,(city[i].p+city[j].p)/(w-maxcost[i][j]));
        printf("%.2f\n",res);
    }
    return 0;
}