线性方程组和矩阵
线性方程组
a
11
x
1
+
a
12
x
2
+
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+
a
1
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x
n
=
b
1
a
21
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1
+
a
22
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+
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+
a
2
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x
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=
b
2
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a
m
1
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a
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m
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x
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=
b
m
\begin{alignedat}{4} a_{11}&x_{1}+ &a_{12}&x_{2} + ... + &a_{1n}x_{n} = &b_{1} \\ a_{21}&x_{1}+&a_{22}&x_{2} + ... + &a_{2n}x_{n} = &b_{2} \\ ... \\ a_{m1}&x_{1}+&a_{m2}&x_{2}+...+&a_{mn}x_{n}=&b_{m} \end{alignedat}
a11a21...am1x1+x1+x1+a12a22am2x2+...+x2+...+x2+...+a1nxn=a2nxn=amnxn=b1b2bm
常数项
b
1
,
b
2
,
.
.
.
,
b
m
b_{1},b_{2},...,b_{m}
b1,b2,...,bm不全为0时,称为 n元非齐次线性方程组,
全为0时,称为 n元齐次线性方程组。
对线性方程组需讨论,
1.是否有解?
2.有解时,解是否唯一?
3.多个解时,如何求其所有解?
矩阵的定义
由m*n个数
a
i
j
a_{ij}
aij排成的m行n列的数表
A
=
(
a
11
a
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21
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a
m
1
a
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a
m
n
)
A = \begin{pmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} &... &a_{1n} \\ a_{21} &a_{22} &... &a_{2n} \\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ a_{m1} & a_{m2} &... &a_{mn} \end{pmatrix}
A=⎝⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎛a11a21...am1a12a22...am2..................a1na2n...amn⎠⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎞
称为
m
∗
n
m*n
m∗n矩阵。行数列数均为n的矩阵称为n阶矩阵或n阶方阵。
只有一行矩阵,又称为行矩阵,行向量
只有一列矩阵,又称为列矩阵,列向量
两个矩阵行数相等,列数相等,称为同型矩阵。
同型矩阵且对应元素相等,则称矩阵A等于矩阵B,记作
A
=
B
A=B
A=B
对左上角到右下角以外元素都是0的n阶方阵,称为对角阵,记作
Λ
=
d
i
a
g
(
x
1
,
x
2
,
.
.
.
,
x
n
)
\varLambda = diag(x_{1}, x_{2}, ... , x_{n})
Λ=diag(x1,x2,...,xn)
当
x
1
,
x
2
,
.
.
.
,
x
n
x_{1}, x_{2}, ... , x_{n}
x1,x2,...,xn均为1时,叫n阶单位矩阵,称为
E
E
E
矩阵是用来研究线性变换的工具
矩阵的运算
1.定义 设有两个
m
∗
n
m*n
m∗n矩阵A,B,则矩阵A,B的和记作A+B。
规定为:
A
+
B
=
(
a
11
+
b
11
a
12
+
b
12
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.
.
a
1
n
+
b
1
n
a
21
+
b
21
a
22
+
b
22
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a
2
n
+
b
2
n
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a
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1
a
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a
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+
b
m
n
)
A +B= \begin{pmatrix} a_{11}+b_{11} & a_{12}+b_{12} &... &a_{1n}+b_{1n} \\ a_{21}+b_{21} &a_{22}+b_{22} &... &a_{2n}+b_{2n} \\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ a_{m1}+b_{m1} & a_{m2}+b_{m2} &... &a_{mn}+b_{mn} \end{pmatrix}
A+B=⎝⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎛a11+b11a21+b21...am1+bm1a12+b12a22+b22...am2+bm2..................a1n+b1na2n+b2n...amn+bmn⎠⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎞
推论:
A
+
B
=
B
+
A
A+B=B+A
A+B=B+A
(
A
+
B
)
+
C
=
A
+
(
B
+
C
)
(A+B)+C=A+(B+C)
(A+B)+C=A+(B+C)
设矩阵
A
=
(
a
i
j
)
A=(a_{ij})
A=(aij),记
−
A
=
(
−
a
i
j
)
-A=(-a_{ij})
−A=(−aij)
−
A
-A
−A称为矩阵
A
A
A的负矩阵,有
A
+
(
−
A
)
=
O
A+(-A)=O
A+(−A)=O
规定矩阵减法为
A
−
B
=
A
+
(
−
B
)
A-B=A+(-B)
A−B=A+(−B)
数与矩阵相乘
1.定义 数
k
k
k与矩阵A的乘积记作
k
A
kA
kA或
A
k
Ak
Ak,规定为
A
=
(
k
a
11
k
a
12
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k
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)
A= \begin{pmatrix} ka_{11} & ka_{12} &... &ka_{1n} \\ ka_{21} &ka_{22} &... &ka_{2n} \\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ ka_{m1} & ka_{m2} &... &ka_{mn} \end{pmatrix}
A=⎝⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎛ka11ka21...kam1ka12ka22...kam2..................ka1nka2n...kamn⎠⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎞
推论:
(
k
1
k
2
)
A
=
k
1
(
k
2
A
)
(k_{1}k_{2})A = k_{1}(k_{2}A)
(k1k2)A=k1(k2A)
(
k
1
+
k
2
)
A
=
k
1
A
+
k
2
A
(k_{1}+k_{2})A=k_{1}A+k_{2}A
(k1+k2)A=k1A+k2A
k
1
(
A
+
B
)
=
k
1
A
+
k
1
B
k_{1}(A+B)=k_{1}A+k_{1}B
k1(A+B)=k1A+k1B
矩阵与矩阵相乘
1.定义 设
A
=
(
a
i
j
)
A=(a_{ij})
A=(aij)是一个
m
∗
s
m*s
m∗s矩阵,
B
=
(
b
i
j
)
B=(b_{ij})
B=(bij)是一个
s
∗
n
s*n
s∗n矩阵,则规定矩阵
A
A
A与矩阵
B
B
B的乘积是一个
m
∗
n
m*n
m∗n矩阵
C
=
(
c
i
j
)
C=(c_{ij})
C=(cij),其中
c
i
j
=
∑
k
=
1
s
a
i
k
b
k
j
c_{ij}=\displaystyle\sum_{k=1}^s a_{ik}b_{kj}
cij=k=1∑saikbkj
推论:
(
A
B
)
C
=
A
(
B
C
)
(AB)C=A(BC)
(AB)C=A(BC)
k
1
(
A
B
)
=
(
k
1
A
)
B
=
A
(
k
1
B
)
k_{1}(AB)=(k_{1}A)B=A(k_{1}B)
k1(AB)=(k1A)B=A(k1B)
A
(
B
+
C
)
=
A
B
+
A
C
A(B+C)=AB+AC
A(B+C)=AB+AC
(
B
+
C
)
A
=
B
A
+
C
A
(B+C)A=BA+CA
(B+C)A=BA+CA
对单位矩阵
E
E
E,易验证
E
m
A
m
∗
n
=
A
m
∗
n
E_{m}A_{m*n}=A_{m*n}
EmAm∗n=Am∗n
A
m
∗
n
E
n
=
A
m
∗
n
A_{m*n}E_{n}=A_{m*n}
Am∗nEn=Am∗n
记
A
k
=
A
.
.
.
A
A^k=A...A
Ak=A...A,
k
k
k个
A
A
A相乘
矩阵的转置
1.定义 把矩阵 A A A的行换成同序数的列得到一个新矩阵,叫做A的转置矩阵,记作 A T A^T AT
推论:【假设以下运算皆可行】
(
A
T
)
T
=
A
(A^T)^T=A
(AT)T=A
(
A
+
B
)
T
=
A
T
+
B
T
(A+B)^T=A^T+B^T
(A+B)T=AT+BT
(
k
1
A
)
T
=
k
1
A
T
(k_{1}A)^T=k_{1}A^T
(k1A)T=k1AT
(
A
B
)
T
=
B
T
A
T
(AB)^T=B^TA^T
(AB)T=BTAT
方阵的行列式
1.定义 由n阶方阵
A
A
A的元素所构成的行列式(各元素的位置不变),称为方阵
A
A
A的行列式,记作
∣
A
∣
|A|
∣A∣
设
A
,
B
A,B
A,B为
n
n
n阶方阵,
k
k
k为数,则有
∣
A
T
∣
=
∣
A
∣
|A^T|=|A|
∣AT∣=∣A∣
∣
k
A
∣
=
k
n
∣
A
∣
|kA|=k^n|A|
∣kA∣=kn∣A∣
∣
A
B
∣
=
∣
A
∣
∣
B
∣
|AB|=|A||B|
∣AB∣=∣A∣∣B∣ 没有实际去证明的性质
2.定义 行列式
∣
A
∣
|A|
∣A∣的各个元素的代数余子式
A
i
j
A_{ij}
Aij所构成的如下的矩阵
A
∗
=
(
A
11
A
21
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A
n
1
A
12
A
22
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A
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A
1
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A
2
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A
n
n
)
A^*= \begin{pmatrix} A_{11} & A_{21} &... &A_{n1} \\ A_{12} &A_{22} &... &A_{n2} \\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ A_{1n} & A_{2n} &... &A_{nn} \end{pmatrix}
A∗=⎝⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎛A11A12...A1nA21A22...A2n..................An1An2...Ann⎠⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎞
称为矩阵
A
A
A的伴随矩阵,且有
A
A
∗
=
A
∗
A
=
∣
A
∣
E
AA^*=A^*A=|A|E
AA∗=A∗A=∣A∣E
逆矩阵
1.定义 对于n阶矩阵 A A A,如有一个n阶矩阵 B B B,使 A B = B A = E AB=BA=E AB=BA=E,则说矩阵 A A A是可逆的,并把矩阵 B B B称为 A A A的逆矩阵。
性质:
逆矩阵,若存在,则唯一。A的逆矩阵,记作
A
−
1
A^{-1}
A−1,有
A
A
−
1
=
A
−
1
A
=
E
AA^{-1}=A^{-1}A=E
AA−1=A−1A=E
若矩阵
A
A
A可逆,则
∣
A
∣
!
=
0
|A|!=0
∣A∣!=0
若
∣
A
∣
!
=
0
|A|!=0
∣A∣!=0,则矩阵A可逆,且
A
−
1
=
1
∣
A
∣
A
∗
A^{-1}={\cfrac{1}{|A|}}A^*
A−1=∣A∣1A∗
推论:
A
A
A是可逆矩阵充分必要条件为
∣
A
∣
!
=
0
|A|!=0
∣A∣!=0
A
B
=
E
AB=E
AB=E或
B
A
=
E
BA=E
BA=E,则
B
=
A
−
1
B=A^{-1}
B=A−1
若
A
A
A可逆,则
A
−
1
A^{-1}
A−1也可逆,且
(
A
−
1
)
−
1
=
A
(A^{-1})^{-1}=A
(A−1)−1=A
若
A
A
A可逆,数
k
!
=
0
k!=0
k!=0,则
k
A
kA
kA可逆,且
(
k
A
)
−
1
=
1
k
A
−
1
(kA)^{-1}={\cfrac{1}{k}}A^{-1}
(kA)−1=k1A−1
若
A
,
B
A,B
A,B为同阶矩阵且均可逆,则
A
B
AB
AB也可逆,且
(
A
B
)
−
1
=
B
−
1
A
−
1
(AB)^{-1}=B^{-1}A^{-1}
(AB)−1=B−1A−1
2.定义 设 Φ ( x ) = a 0 + a 1 x + . . . + a m x m \Phi(x)=a_{0}+a_{1}x+...+a_{m}x^{m} Φ(x)=a0+a1x+...+amxm为 x x x的 m m m次多项式, A A A为n阶矩阵,记 Φ ( A ) = a 0 E + a 1 A + . . . + a m A m \Phi(A)=a_{0}E+a_{1}A+...+a_{m}A^{m} Φ(A)=a0E+a1A+...+amAm Φ ( A ) \Phi(A) Φ(A)称为矩阵 A A A的 m m m次多项式。
克拉默法则
a
11
x
1
+
a
12
x
2
+
.
.
.
+
a
1
n
x
n
=
b
1
a
21
x
1
+
a
22
x
2
+
.
.
.
+
a
2
n
x
n
=
b
2
.
.
.
a
n
1
x
1
+
a
n
2
x
2
+
.
.
.
+
a
n
n
x
n
=
b
n
\begin{alignedat}{4} a_{11}&x_{1}+ &a_{12}&x_{2} + ... + &a_{1n}x_{n} = &b_{1} \\ a_{21}&x_{1}+&a_{22}&x_{2} + ... + &a_{2n}x_{n} = &b_{2} \\ ... \\ a_{n1}&x_{1}+&a_{n2}&x_{2}+...+&a_{nn}x_{n}=&b_{n} \end{alignedat}
a11a21...an1x1+x1+x1+a12a22an2x2+...+x2+...+x2+...+a1nxn=a2nxn=annxn=b1b2bn
若
A
=
(
a
11
a
12
.
.
.
a
1
n
a
21
a
22
.
.
.
a
2
n
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
a
n
1
a
n
2
.
.
.
a
n
n
)
,
∣
A
∣
!
=
0
A = \begin{pmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} &... &a_{1n} \\ a_{21} &a_{22} &... &a_{2n} \\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ a_{n1} & a_{n2} &... &a_{nn} \end{pmatrix},|A|!=0
A=⎝⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎛a11a21...an1a12a22...an2..................a1na2n...ann⎠⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎞,∣A∣!=0,则方程组有唯一解
x
1
=
∣
A
1
∣
∣
A
∣
,
x
2
=
∣
A
2
∣
∣
A
∣
,
.
.
.
,
x
n
=
∣
A
n
∣
∣
A
∣
x_{1}={\cfrac{|A_{1}|}{|A|}},x_{2}={\cfrac{|A_{2}|}{|A|}},...,x_{n}={\cfrac{|A_{n}|}{|A|}}
x1=∣A∣∣A1∣,x2=∣A∣∣A2∣,...,xn=∣A∣∣An∣
其中
A
j
A_{j}
Aj是把系数矩阵
A
A
A中第
j
j
j列的元素用方程组右端常数项代替后得到的
n
n
n阶矩阵
矩阵分块法
性质:
1.设矩阵
A
A
A与
B
B
B的行数相同,列数相同,采用相同的分块法,有:
A
=
(
A
11
A
12
.
.
.
A
1
r
A
21
A
22
.
.
.
A
2
r
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
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.
.
.
.
A
s
1
A
s
2
.
.
.
A
s
r
)
A= \begin{pmatrix} A_{11} & A_{12} &... &A_{1r} \\ A_{21} &A_{22} &... &A_{2r} \\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ A_{s1} & A_{s2} &... &A_{sr} \end{pmatrix}
A=⎝⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎛A11A21...As1A12A22...As2..................A1rA2r...Asr⎠⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎞
B
=
(
B
11
B
12
.
.
.
B
1
r
B
21
B
22
.
.
.
B
2
r
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B
s
1
B
s
2
.
.
.
B
s
r
)
B= \begin{pmatrix} B_{11} & B_{12} &... &B_{1r} \\ B_{21} &B_{22} &... &B_{2r} \\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ B_{s1} & B_{s2} &... &B_{sr} \end{pmatrix}
B=⎝⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎛B11B21...Bs1B12B22...Bs2..................B1rB2r...Bsr⎠⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎞
其中
A
i
j
A_{ij}
Aij与
B
i
j
B_{ij}
Bij行数相同,列数相同,那么
A
+
B
=
(
A
11
+
B
11
A
12
+
B
12
.
.
.
A
1
r
+
B
1
r
A
21
+
B
21
A
22
+
B
22
.
.
.
A
2
r
+
B
2
r
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
A
s
1
+
B
s
1
A
s
2
+
B
s
2
.
.
.
A
s
r
+
B
s
r
)
A+B= \begin{pmatrix} A_{11}+B_{11} & A_{12}+B_{12} &... &A_{1r}+B_{1r} \\ A_{21}+B_{21} &A_{22}+B_{22} &... &A_{2r}+B_{2r} \\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ A_{s1}+B_{s1} & A_{s2}+B_{s2} &... &A_{sr}+B_{sr} \end{pmatrix}
A+B=⎝⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎛A11+B11A21+B21...As1+Bs1A12+B12A22+B22...As2+Bs2..................A1r+B1rA2r+B2r...Asr+Bsr⎠⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎞
2.设
A
=
(
A
11
A
12
.
.
.
A
1
r
A
21
A
22
.
.
.
A
2
r
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
A
s
1
A
s
2
.
.
.
A
s
r
)
A= \begin{pmatrix} A_{11} & A_{12} &... &A_{1r} \\ A_{21} &A_{22} &... &A_{2r} \\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ A_{s1} & A_{s2} &... &A_{sr} \end{pmatrix}
A=⎝⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎛A11A21...As1A12A22...As2..................A1rA2r...Asr⎠⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎞,
k
k
k为数,则
k
A
=
(
k
A
11
k
A
12
.
.
.
k
A
1
r
k
A
21
k
A
22
.
.
.
k
A
2
r
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
k
A
s
1
k
A
s
2
.
.
.
k
A
s
r
)
kA= \begin{pmatrix} kA_{11} & kA_{12} &... &kA_{1r} \\ kA_{21} &kA_{22} &... &kA_{2r} \\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ kA_{s1} & kA_{s2} &... &kA_{sr} \end{pmatrix}
kA=⎝⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎛kA11kA21...kAs1kA12kA22...kAs2..................kA1rkA2r...kAsr⎠⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎞
3.设
A
A
A为
m
∗
l
m*l
m∗l矩阵,
B
B
B为
l
∗
n
l*n
l∗n矩阵,分块成
A
=
(
A
11
A
12
.
.
.
A
1
t
A
21
A
22
.
.
.
A
2
t
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
A
s
1
A
s
2
.
.
.
A
s
t
)
A= \begin{pmatrix} A_{11} & A_{12} &... &A_{1t} \\ A_{21} &A_{22} &... &A_{2t} \\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ A_{s1} & A_{s2} &... &A_{st} \end{pmatrix}
A=⎝⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎛A11A21...As1A12A22...As2..................A1tA2t...Ast⎠⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎞
B
=
(
B
11
B
12
.
.
.
B
1
r
B
21
B
22
.
.
.
B
2
r
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
B
t
1
B
t
2
.
.
.
B
t
r
)
B= \begin{pmatrix} B_{11} & B_{12} &... &B_{1r} \\ B_{21} &B_{22} &... &B_{2r} \\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ B_{t1} & B_{t2} &... &B_{tr} \end{pmatrix}
B=⎝⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎛B11B21...Bt1B12B22...Bt2..................B1rB2r...Btr⎠⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎞
其中
A
i
1
,
A
i
2
,
.
.
.
,
A
i
t
A_{i1},A_{i2},...,A_{it}
Ai1,Ai2,...,Ait的列数分别等于
B
1
j
,
B
2
j
,
.
.
.
,
B
t
j
B_{1j},B_{2j},...,B_{tj}
B1j,B2j,...,Btj的行数,则
A
B
=
(
C
11
C
12
.
.
.
C
1
r
C
21
C
22
.
.
.
C
2
r
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
C
s
1
C
s
2
.
.
.
C
s
r
)
AB= \begin{pmatrix} C_{11} & C_{12} &... &C_{1r} \\ C_{21} &C_{22} &... &C_{2r} \\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ C_{s1} & C_{s2} &... &C_{sr} \end{pmatrix}
AB=⎝⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎛C11C21...Cs1C12C22...Cs2..................C1rC2r...Csr⎠⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎞
其中
C
i
j
=
∑
k
=
1
t
A
i
k
B
k
j
,
i
=
1
,
2
,
.
.
.
,
s
;
j
=
1
,
2
,
.
.
.
,
r
C_{ij}=\displaystyle\sum_{k=1}^tA_{ik}B_{kj},i=1,2,...,s;j=1,2,...,r
Cij=k=1∑tAikBkj,i=1,2,...,s;j=1,2,...,r
4.设
A
=
(
A
11
A
12
.
.
.
A
1
r
A
21
A
22
.
.
.
A
2
r
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
A
s
1
A
s
2
.
.
.
A
s
r
)
A= \begin{pmatrix} A_{11} & A_{12} &... &A_{1r} \\ A_{21} &A_{22} &... &A_{2r} \\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ A_{s1} & A_{s2} &... &A_{sr} \end{pmatrix}
A=⎝⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎛A11A21...As1A12A22...As2..................A1rA2r...Asr⎠⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎞,则
A
T
=
(
A
11
T
A
21
T
.
.
.
A
s
1
T
A
12
T
A
22
T
.
.
.
A
s
2
T
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
A
1
r
T
A
2
r
T
.
.
.
A
s
r
T
)
A^{T}= \begin{pmatrix} A_{11}^{T} & A_{21}^{T} &... &A_{s1}^{T} \\ A_{12}^T &A_{22}^{T} &... &A_{s2}^{T} \\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ A_{1r}^T & A_{2r}^{T} &... &A_{sr}^{T} \end{pmatrix}
AT=⎝⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎛A11TA12T...A1rTA21TA22T...A2rT..................As1TAs2T...AsrT⎠⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎞
5.设A为n阶方阵,若A的分块矩阵只在对角线有非0子块,其余子块都为0矩阵,且在对角线的子块都是方阵,即
A
=
(
A
1
0
.
.
.
0
0
A
2
.
.
.
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
0
.
.
.
A
s
)
A= \begin{pmatrix} A_{1} & 0 &... &0 \\ 0 &A_{2} &... &0 \\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ 0 & 0 &... &A_{s} \end{pmatrix}
A=⎝⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎛A10...00A2...0..................00...As⎠⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎞,则称A为分块对角矩阵。
∣
A
∣
=
∣
A
1
∣
∣
A
2
∣
.
.
.
∣
A
s
∣
|A|=|A_{1}||A_{2}|...|A_{s}|
∣A∣=∣A1∣∣A2∣...∣As∣
若
∣
A
i
∣
!
=
0
|A_{i}|!=0
∣Ai∣!=0,有
A
−
1
=
(
A
1
−
1
0
.
.
.
0
0
A
2
−
1
.
.
.
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0
0
.
.
.
A
s
−
1
)
A^{-1}= \begin{pmatrix} A_{1}^{-1} & 0 &... &0 \\ 0 &A_{2}^{-1} &... &0 \\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ . &. &... &.\\ 0 & 0 &... &A_{s}^{-1} \end{pmatrix}
A−1=⎝⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜⎛A1−10...00A2−1...0..................00...As−1⎠⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟⎞