53、被遗弃的多重继承（上）

1、问题

C++中是否允许一个类继承自多个父类？

2、C++中的多重继承

• C++支持编写多重继承的代码
  — 一个子类可以拥有多个父类
  — 子类拥有所有父类的成员变量
  — 子类继承所有父类的成员函数
  — 子类对象可以当做任意父类对象使用
• 多重继承的语法规则

class Derived : public BaseA , public BaseB , public BaseC
{
	//...
};

多重继承的本质与单继承相同

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class BaseA
{
	int ma;
public:
	BaseA(int a)
	{
		ma = a;
	}
	int getA()
	{
		return ma;
	}
};
class BaseB
{
	int mb;
public:
	BaseB(int b)
	{
		mb = b;
	}
	int getB()
	{
		return mb;
	}
};
class Derived : public BaseA , public BaseB
{
	int mc;
public:
	Derived(int a, int b, int c):BaseA(a),BaseB(b)
	{
		mc = c;
	}
	int getC()
	{
		return mc;
	}
	void print()
	{
		cout << "ma = " << getA() << ","
			 << "mb = " << getB() << ","
			 << "mc = " << mc <<endl;
	}
};

int main()
{
	cout << "sizeof(Derived) = " << sizeof(Derived) << endl;
	Derived d(1, 2, 3);
	d.print();
	cout << "d.getA() = " << d.getA() << endl;
	cout << "d.getB() = " << d.getB() << endl;
	cout << "d.getC() = " << d.getC() << endl;

	BaseA* pa = &d;	//赋值兼容，在第48课，可以用子类对象初始化父类对象，子类对象退化为父类对象
	BaseB* pb = &d;

	cout << "pa->getA() = " << pa->getA() << endl;
	cout << "pb->getB() = " << pb->getB() << endl;

	void* p1 = pa;
	void* p2 = pb;

	if (p1 == p2)
	{
		cout << "the same adress" << endl;
	}
	else
	{
		cout << "error" << endl;
	}
	cout << "pa = " << pa << endl;
	cout << "pb = " << pb << endl;
	cout << "p1 = " << p1 << endl;
	cout << "p2 = " << p2 << endl;
	return 0;
}

在程序的第68行，当两个不同的父类指针同时指向子类的对象，再强制转换成同一类型，我们会发现这两个指针明明指向相同的东西，但是指针保存的地址却不一样。

3、多重继承的问题一

通过多重继承得到的对象可能拥有“不同的地址”
解决方案：无

所以说，两个不同的父类指针同时指向子类的对象，但是指向的地址可能是不一样的。

4、多重继承的问题二

• 多重继承可能产生冗余的成员
  
  问题分析：
  假如 Teacher 和 Student 这两个类都继承于People 这个类，那么就会继承里面的成员变量m_name，m_age。如果 Doctor 这个类继承于 Teacher 和 Student 这两个类，那么就会有两个 m_name 和 两个 m_age。

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class People
{
	string m_name;
	int m_age;
public:
	People(string name,int age)
	{
		m_name = name;
		m_age = age;
	}
	void print()
	{
		cout << "m_name = " << m_name << ", "
			 << "m_age = "  << m_age << endl;
	}
};
class Teacher : public People
{
public:
	Teacher(string name, int age):People(name,age)
	{
	}
};
class Student : public People
{
public:
	Student(string name, int age):People(name, age)
	{
	}
};
class Doctor : public Teacher, public Student
{
public:
	Doctor(string name, int age) :Teacher(name, age), Student(name, age)
	{
	}
};
int main()
{
	Doctor d("xiebs", 24);
	d.print();

	return 0;
}

如果在最初的父类里面有一个成员函数，在我们最后的子类class Doctor 里面因为多重继承的原因，使得就会有两个一模一样的成员函数，所以程序就会报错，因为编译器不知道要调用哪个成员函数。

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class People
{
	string m_name;
	int m_age;
public:
	People(string name,int age)
	{
		m_name = name;
		m_age = age;
	}
	void print()
	{
		cout << "m_name = " << m_name << ", "
			 << "m_age = "  << m_age << endl;
	}
};
class Teacher : public People
{
public:
	Teacher(string name, int age):People(name+"1",age+1)
	{
	}
};
class Student : public People
{
public:
	Student(string name, int age):People(name+"2", age+2)
	{
	}
};
class Doctor : public Teacher, public Student
{
public:
	Doctor(string name, int age) :Teacher(name, age), Student(name, age)
	{
	}
};
int main()
{
	Doctor d("xiebs", 24);
	d.Teacher::print();
	d.Student::print();
	return 0;
}

综上分析：当多重继承关系出现闭合时将产生数据冗余的问题

解决方案：虚继承

class People
{ 
};
class Teacher:virtual public People
{ 
};
class Student:virtual public People
{ 
};
class Doctor:public People, public Student
{ 
};

• 虚继承能够解决数据冗余的问题
• 中间层父类不再关心顶层父类的初始化
• 最终子类必须直接调用顶层父类的构造函数

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class People
{
	string m_name;
	int m_age;
public:
	People(string name,int age)
	{
		m_name = name;
		m_age = age;
	}
	void print()
	{
		cout << "m_name = " << m_name << ", "
			 << "m_age = "  << m_age << endl;
	}
};

class Teacher : virtual public People
{
public:
	Teacher(string name, int age):People(name+"1",age+1)
	{
	}
};

class Student : virtual public People
{
public:
	Student(string name, int age):People(name+"2", age+2)
	{
	}
};

class Doctor : public Teacher, public Student
{
public:
	Doctor(string name, int age) :Teacher(name, age), Student(name, age),People(name, age)
	{
	}
};
int main()
{
	Doctor d("xiebs", 24);
	d.print();
	d.Teacher::print();
	d.Student::print();
	return 0;
}

看我代码的第40行，虚继承要直接初始化最开始父类的构造函数。

小结：

• C++支持多重继承的编程方式
• 多重继承容易带来问题
  — 可能出现“同一个对象的地址不同”的情况
  — 虚继承可以解决数据冗余的问题
  — 虚继承使得架构设计可能出现问题