被遗弃的多重继承上

C++支持编写多重继承的代码：
(1)一个子类可以拥有多个父类
(2)子类拥有所有父类的成员变量
(3)子类继承所有父类的成员函数
(4)子类对象可以当做任意父亲对象使用

多重继承的语法规则：

class Derived : public BaseA, public BaseB, public BaseC
{

};

编程实验：多重继承问题一

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class BaseA
{
    int ma;
public:
    BaseA(int a)
    {
        ma = a;
    }
    int getA()
    {
        return ma;
    }
};

class BaseB
{
    int mb;
public:
    BaseB(int b)
    {
        mb = b;
    }
    int getB()
    {
        return mb;
    }
};

class Derived : public BaseA, public BaseB
{
    int mc;
public:
    Derived(int a, int b, int c) : BaseA(a), BaseB(b)
    {
        mc = c;
    }
    int getC()
    {
        return mc;
    }
    void print()
    {
        cout << "ma = " << getA() << ", "
             << "mb = " << getB() << ", "
             << "mc = " << mc << endl;
    }
};

int main()
{
    cout << "sizeof(Derived) = " << sizeof(Derived) << endl;    // 12
    
    Derived d(1, 2, 3);
    
    d.print();
    
    cout << "d.getA() = " << d.getA() << endl;
    cout << "d.getB() = " << d.getB() << endl;
    cout << "d.getC() = " << d.getC() << endl;
    
    cout << endl;
    
    BaseA* pa = &d;
    BaseB* pb = &d;
    
    cout << "pa->getA() = " << pa->getA() << endl;
    cout << "pb->getB() = " << pb->getB() << endl;
    
    cout << endl;
    
    void* paa = pa;
    void* pbb = pb;
    
    
    if( paa == pbb )  //不相等
    {
        cout << "Pointer to the same object!" << endl; 
    }
    else
    {
        cout << "Error" << endl;
    }
    
    cout << "pa = " << pa << endl;
    cout << "pb = " << pb << endl;
    cout << "paa = " << paa << endl;
    cout << "pbb = " << pbb << endl; 
    
    return 0;
}

多重继承的问题：
1.通过多重继承得到的对象可能拥有“不同的地址”，但还是指向同一个对象
2.多重继承可能产生冗余的成员
解决方案：无
编程实验：多重继承问题2

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class People
{
    string m_name;
    int m_age;
public:
    People(string name, int age)
    {
        m_name = name;
        m_age = age;
    }
    void print()
    {
        cout << "Name = " << m_name << ", "
             << "Age = " << m_age << endl;
    }
};

class Teacher : virtual public People
{
public:
    Teacher(string name, int age) : People(name, age)
    {
    }
};

class Student : virtual public People
{
public:
    Student(string name, int age) : People(name, age)
    {
    }
};

class Doctor : public Teacher, public Student
{
public:
    Doctor(string name, int age) : Teacher(name, age), Student(name, age), People(name, age)
    {
    }
};

int main()
{
    Doctor d("Delphi", 33);
    
    d.print();
 
    return 0;
}

当多重继承关系出现闭合时将产生数据冗余的问题！！！
解决方案：虚继承

class People {};
class Teach : virtual public People {};
class Student : virtual public People {};
class Doctor : public Teacher, public Student
{
};

(1)虚继承能够解决数据冗余问题
(2)中间层父类不再关心顶层父亲的初始化
(3)最终子类必须直接调用顶层父亲的构造函数

问题：当架构设计中需要继承时，无法确定使用直接继承还是虚继承！！