I was also having essentially the same issue, probably due to multiple versions of OpenCV being linked with my binary.
I was able to resolve the segfault by cloning the vision_opencv repository into my catkin workspace.
Then, my package explicitly requires OpenCV 3:
find_package(OpenCV 3 REQUIRED)
This recompiles the cv_bridge package with OpenCV, and the resulting binary is only linked against OpenCV3 libraries