OpenGL之变换

搬出大学所学的数学专业，但是很多都还给老师了。理解起来还是慢慢来。

变换的基础知识：

OpenGL Mathematics (GLM) - Browse Files at SourceForge.nethttps://sourceforge.net/projects/ogl-math/files/

下载了glm以后。整个解压

把解压后的文件夹里面的glm拷贝到 

 OpenGL引用的libraries文件夹

 然后设置属性，这样就可以在代码里引用了。

 实践1：将向量（1，0，0）在三个方向(1，1，0)移动

#include <iostream>
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

int main()
{
	glm::vec4 vec(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
	glm::mat4 trans;
	trans = glm::translate(trans, glm::vec3(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
	vec = trans * vec;
	std::cout << vec.x << vec.y << vec.z << std::endl;
	return 0;
}

如果一个向量的其次坐标w是0，则这个坐标是方向向量，w坐标0，向量就不能位移。

实践2： 旋转和缩放

//把箱子在每个轴都缩放到0.5倍，然后沿z轴旋转90度，创建变换矩阵
glm::mat4 trans;
//弧度制，有纹理的那面矩形是在XY平面上，所以旋转是绕z轴，（0，0，1）
trans = glm::rotate(trans, glm::radians(90.0f), glm::vec3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0));
//缩放
trans = glm::scale(trans, glm::vec3(0.5, 0.5, 0.5));

代码：

#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include <stb_image.h>

#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

#include <Shader.h>

#include <iostream>

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window);

// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;

int main()
{
	// glfw: initialize and configure
	// ------------------------------
	glfwInit();
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);

#ifdef __APPLE__
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
#endif

	// glfw window creation
	// --------------------
	GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL", NULL, NULL);
	if (window == NULL)
	{
		std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
		glfwTerminate();
		return -1;
	}
	glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
	glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);

	// glad: load all OpenGL function pointers
	// ---------------------------------------
	if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
	{
		std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
		return -1;
	}

	// build and compile our shader zprogram
	// ------------------------------------
	Shader ourShader("5.1.matrix.vs", "5.1.matrix.fs");
	//Shader ourShader("4.2.texture.vs", "4.2.texture.fs");
	// set up vertex data (and buffer(s)) and configure vertex attributes
	// ------------------------------------------------------------------
	float vertices[] = {
		// positions          // texture coords
		 0.5f,  0.5f, 0.0f,   1.0f, 1.0f, // top right
		 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f,   1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom right
		-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f,   0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom left
		-0.5f,  0.5f, 0.0f,   0.0f, 1.0f  // top left 
	};
	unsigned int indices[] = {
		0, 1, 3, // first triangle
		1, 2, 3  // second triangle
	};
	unsigned int VBO, VAO, EBO;
	glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
	glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
	glGenBuffers(1, &EBO);

	glBindVertexArray(VAO);

	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
	glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);

	glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);
	glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);

	// position attribute
	glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
	// texture coord attribute
	glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);


	// load and create a texture 
	// -------------------------
	unsigned int texture1, texture2;
	// texture 1
	// ---------
	glGenTextures(1, &texture1);
	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture1);
	// set the texture wrapping parameters
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
	// set texture filtering parameters
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
	// load image, create texture and generate mipmaps
	int width, height, nrChannels;
	stbi_set_flip_vertically_on_load(true); // tell stb_image.h to flip loaded texture's on the y-axis.
	unsigned char *data = stbi_load("container.jpg", &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);
	if (data)
	{
		glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
		glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
	}
	else
	{
		std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;
	}
	stbi_image_free(data);
	// texture 2
	// ---------
	glGenTextures(1, &texture2);
	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture2);
	// set the texture wrapping parameters
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
	// set texture filtering parameters
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
	// load image, create texture and generate mipmaps
	data = stbi_load("awesomeface.png", &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);
	if (data)
	{
		// note that the awesomeface.png has transparency and thus an alpha channel, so make sure to tell OpenGL the data type is of GL_RGBA
		glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, width, height, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
		glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
	}
	else
	{
		std::cout << "Failed to load texture" << std::endl;
	}
	stbi_image_free(data);

	// tell opengl for each sampler to which texture unit it belongs to (only has to be done once)
	// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
	ourShader.use();
	ourShader.setInt("texture1", 0);
	ourShader.setInt("texture2", 1);


	// render loop
	// -----------
	while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
	{
		// input
		// -----
		processInput(window);

		// render
		// ------
		glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
		glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);

		// bind textures on corresponding texture units
		glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture1);
		glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture2);

		// create transformations
		glm::mat4 transform = glm::mat4(1.0f); // make sure to initialize matrix to identity matrix first
		transform = glm::translate(transform, glm::vec3(0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f));
		transform = glm::rotate(transform, (float)glfwGetTime(), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));

		// get matrix's uniform location and set matrix
		ourShader.use();
		unsigned int transformLoc = glGetUniformLocation(ourShader.ID, "transform");
		glUniformMatrix4fv(transformLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(transform));

		// render container
		glBindVertexArray(VAO);
		glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);

		// glfw: swap buffers and poll IO events (keys pressed/released, mouse moved etc.)
		// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
		glfwSwapBuffers(window);
		glfwPollEvents();
	}

	// optional: de-allocate all resources once they've outlived their purpose:
	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
	glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
	glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);
	glDeleteBuffers(1, &EBO);

	// glfw: terminate, clearing all previously allocated GLFW resources.
	// ------------------------------------------------------------------
	glfwTerminate();
	return 0;
}

// process all input: query GLFW whether relevant keys are pressed/released this frame and react accordingly
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window)
{
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
		glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);
}

// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
	// make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and 
	// height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.
	glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}

 

shader:

//5.1.matrix.vs
#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location = 1) in vec2 aTexCoord;

out vec2 TexCoord;

uniform mat4 transform;

void main()
{
	gl_Position = vec4(aPos, 1.0);//transform * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
	TexCoord = vec2(aTexCoord.x, aTexCoord.y);
}

//5.1.matrix.fs
#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;

in vec2 TexCoord;

// texture samplers
uniform sampler2D texture1;
uniform sampler2D texture2;

void main()
{
	// linearly interpolate between both textures (80% container, 20% awesomeface)
	FragColor = mix(texture(texture1, TexCoord), texture(texture2, TexCoord), 0.2);
}

结果：

 断点发现是fs文件打开报错，

 于是乎新建一个文件，内容一样，就没问题了。（怀疑文件里面的格式问题）大家有碰到过一样的问题吗？

效果：

练习：使用应用到箱子里的最后一个变化，改为先旋转再平移

练习：尝试再次调用glDrawElements画出第二个箱子，只使用变换将其摆放在不同的位置。让这个箱子被摆放在窗口的左上角，并且会不断的缩放（而不是旋转）。（sin函数在这里会很有用，不过注意使用sin函数时应用负值会导致物体被翻转）

效果图：

 

（图1)

标准答案：

 

（图2） 

可以比对图1和图2，图2缩放的图形还会呈现图片倒立，因为sin值有没有被约束到一个区间范围。

//保持范围为0~1
float scaleValue = sin(glfwGetTime()) / 2 + 0.5f;

//保持范围为-1~1
float scaleAmount = sin(glfwGetTime());